Many people lived in large villages with purpose-built earthwork mounds, such as those at Horr's Island. Later periods in the Caloosahatchee culture are defined in the archaeological record by the appearance of pottery from other traditions. The Calusa Indians did not farm like the other Indian tribes in Florida. Slaves occupy the lowest level in Calusa society. When combined with historical and archaeological documentation, Cushings finds from Key Marco teach us about the Calusa Indians around the time of contact. Among most tribes in Florida for which there is documentation, the women wore skirts made of what was later called Spanish moss. Seeing the work of the Calusa in these materials first-hand were really exciting moments for us.. [28] Cuban fishing camps (ranchos) operated along the southwest Florida coast from the 18th century into the middle of the 19th century. Though questions about the Calusa and the use of some of these artifacts remain unanswered, early eyewitness accounts and ethnohistorical research, together with new archaeological developments in Florida, enhance our understanding of the cultural context within which these objects were made and used. The first Spanish explorers found that these Indians were not very friendly. People began creating fired pottery in Florida by 2000 BC.[3]. The shell mounds are an example of these remains. The Calusa: "The Shell Indians". The Caloosahatchee Region". These deposits were carefully water-screened using a series of nested screens in order to capture even the finest organic materials. The Calusa used the canals to travel by canoe from their villages and ceremonial centers to coastal trading posts. Despite the social complexity and political might that the Calusa attained, they are said to have eventually went extinct around the end of the 18 th century. When used for fishing or travel from one point to another, these canals must have provided protection from the wind (Blanchard 1989). These massive, rectangular structures built of shell and sediment enclose large areas on both sides of the mouth of Mound Keys great canal, a marine highway nearly 2,000 feet long and about 100 feet wide that bisects the island. 8, 9). The Tequesta Indians were a tribe of eastern Florida, closely connected with the Ais. They had the highest population density of South Florida; estimates of total population at the time of European contact range from 10,000 to several times that, but these are speculative. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. The Apalachee Tribe was among the most advanced and powerful Native American people in Florida. We began with a basic set of questions, said Marquardt. For a long time, societies that relied on fishing, hunting and gathering were assumed to be less advanced, said Marquardt. Fish stored in the watercourts likely fed the workers who built the massive palace. One of the most popular Native American sports was lacrosse. By around 5000 BC, people started living in villages near wetlands. By interceding with these spirits, it was believed that the chief was ensuring that his people would be well-supplied by the land. Because the Timucua didn't use money, though, a shaman would be given such items as baskets or turkeys. The National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. Photo by Alina Zienowicz . The temple mounds, built by what must have been a well-organized work force, measured up to 30 feet high and were often topped with buildings of wood and thatch entered only by the elite. Though not all have survived, carvings included a sea turtle, alligator, pelican, fish-hawk, owl, bear, crab, wolf, wildcat, mountain lion, and a deer, many of which were painted black, white, gray-blue, and brownish-red. The Calusa artifacts discovered on Marco Island date from 300 AD to 1500 AD, prior to European contact in Florida. (1993). Tabby was later used by the English in their American colonies and in Southern plantations. Radiocarbon dating of organic materials associated with the watercourts indicates they were built between A.D. 1300 and 1400, toward the end of a second phase of construction on the kings house. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Calusa influence may have also extended to the Ais tribe on the central east coast of Florida. The Spanish departed and returned to Puerto Rico. Previous indigenous cultures had lived in the area for thousands of years. In 1763, Spain ceded Florida to England and surviving Calusas were taken to Cuba. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. This is still a popular sport today. Calusa v. Iroquois: Religious Beliefs. Index of Indigenous languages Favored sites were likely occupied for multiple generations. The drove back multiple conquistadors and had control of nearby tribes. They are attacked by Spain, which in 1566 had established St. Augustine in the north. American Archaeology cover, featuring Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. Penn Museum 2023 Report Web Accessibility Issues and Get Help / Contact / Copyright / Disclaimer / Privacy /, Report Web Accessibility Issues and Get Help. Archaeological techniques were not very well defined in Cushings day, and though he took detailed notes of his findings, information on the stratigraphy of the site was not recorded. [3] Some Archaic artifacts have been found in the region later occupied by the Calusa, including one site classified as early Archaic, and dated prior to 5000 BC. Water World. It was during this phase of research that the team located and documented the massive kings house, showing it was indeed every bit as impressive as Spanish accounts, which claimed it was large enough to accommodate some 2,000 people. The Calusa people's diet consisted mainly of fish and shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico and its many waterways. Menndez married Carlos' sister, who took the baptismal name Doa Antonia at conversion. An anonymous account mentions an autumn ceremony in which dancers wore animal masks (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). Marquardt, William H. (2004). Marquardt, W. H. (2014). The Calusa, who had no immunity against such illnesses, were wiped out in large numbers. It's also possible that a few were absorbed into the Seminole tribe. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that Calusa meant "fierce people" in their language. Gainesville: University of Florida Press: Florida Museum of Natural History, 1991. The Tequesta lived in the southeastern parts of present-day Florida. Although many others survived the shipwreck, only Fontaneda was spared by the tribe in whose territory they landed. [23], The Pnfilo de Narvez expedition of 1528 and the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1539 both landed in the vicinity of Tampa Bay, north of the Calusa domain. Additionally, it has been pointed out that tribute was sent to this chief from other tribes in south Florida. This class was supported by commoners, who provided them with food and other material goods. These small fish were supplemented by larger bony fish, sharks and rays, mollusks, crustaceans, ducks, sea turtles and land turtles, and land animals. See answer (1) Best Answer. . Marquardt, Thompson and other University of Georgia colleagues and students began fieldwork at Mound Key in 2013, funded by the National Geographic Society. The "nobles" resisted conversion in part because their power and position were intimately tied to the belief system; they were intermediaries between the gods and the people. The Spanish careened one of their ships, and Calusas offered to trade with them. The architectural remains of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but difficult to interpret at first, Marquardt said. The Calusa also believed that three supernatural beings ruled the universe. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. Study guides. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. The Calusas as Shell Indians The Calusas are considered to be the first "shell collectors." Shells were discarded into huge heaps. The Calusa wove nets from palm-fiber cord. Their gods were living all around them. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. Their sophistication and fierceness enabled them to resist Spanish domination for some 200 years. Native American tattoos The fort is the only Spanish structure built atop a shell mound in Florida. The watercolors illustrate the blue, black, gray, and brownish-red pigments found on many of the wooden specimens. Different tribes and regions had their own games and traditions. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. Pottery distinct from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking the beginning of the Caloosahatchee culture. "Florida Indians of Past and Present", in Carson, Ruby Leach and, Goggin, John M., and William C. Sturtevant. No Zamia pollen has been found at any site associated with the Calusas, nor does Zamia grow in the wetlands that made up most of the Calusa environment. Could we find unequivocal architectural evidence that Mound Key was the Calusa capital town, as had long been suggested? Perhaps a dancer wore the mask and carried the figurehead of the particular animal he was emulating (Cushing 1896). Calusa ceremonies included processions of priests and singing women. Mound Key Archaeological State Park is a shell midden mound in the Estero Bay that is estimated to have been inhabited over 2,000 years ago. But our work over the past 35 years has shown the Calusa developed a politically complex society with sophisticated architecture, religion, a military, specialists, long-distance trade and social ranking all without being farmers.. The National Geographic has reported that archaeologists have discovered an ancient Native American kings house in Florida. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. The mission was closed after only a few months. Known as the first shell collectors, the Calusa used shells as tools, utensils, building materials, vessels for domestic and ceremonial use and for personal adornment. This article first appeared in the magazines fall 2020 issue. Add an answer. [Online]Available at: http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm, Florida Museum of Natural History, 2016. /* 728x15 link ad */ Florida Museum artifact photos by Jeff Gage. ( Public Domain ), Featured image: Calusa people fishing. According to the documents, the brushwood and lumber fort encompassed some 36 structures. [19], Little is known of the language of the Calusa. They built many villages at the mouth of the Miami River and along the coastal islands. Large earthen mounds and ridges, accessed by canals, are believed to have been associated with Calusa ritual. They established a complex, centralized government, constructed a canal system, the beginnings of organized religion, and the creating of many art forms. Cushings knowledge of American Indian culture, and specifically his experiences at Zuni Pueblo, helped him make rapid judgments about objects which in many cases were disintegrating before him. The Calusa remained committed to their belief system despite Spanish attempts to convert them to Catholicism. They began preliminary investigations of the fort, which was located on Mound 2 and housed one of the first Jesuit missions established in the U.S. We do not fully understand the complexities of what happened to them. Historical documents indicate that by the mid-1700s, the dwindling Calusa population had fled to Cuba, or the Florida Keys. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida. The Calusa built their entire way of life around the ocean and estuaries of the Gulf Coast, creating a vast empire by learning to manipulate their environment. The fishing nets they used to catch food were made from palm tree fibers. Known as the "Shell Indians", the Calusa are . Join CJ as he discusses: The origins of the Calusa Their physical description Their society, hierarchy, and religion The process of shaping the boat was achieved by burning the middle and subsequently chopping and removing the charred center, using robust shell tools. They fished and hunted for their food and would catch things like: mullet, catfish, eels, turtles, deer, conchs, clams, oysters, and crabs. [14], The Calusa lived in large, communal houses which were two stories high. The Calusa kingdom had an estimated 20,000 people and ranks among the most politically complex groups of hunter-gatherers of the historic world. Tools for fishing were made of shell, wood, and plant materials and included hooks and spears, nets, net floats and sinkers, cord, and anchors (Fig. (*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. While there is no evidence that the Calusa had institutionalized slavery, studies show they would use captives for work or even sacrifice. Ancient Chinese Earthquake Detector Invented 2,000 Years Ago Really Worked! The Beast with an insatiable Hunger for Human Flesh, Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort, The Red Taj Mahal and the Dutch Hessings of India. Escampaba may be related to a place named Stapaba, which was identified in the area on an early 16th-century map. ed. The Tequesta (tuh-KES-tuh) were a small, peaceful, Native American tribe. The Calusa (said to mean fierce people ) are a Native American tribe that once inhabited the southwestern coast of Florida. From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. What was the Calusa religion? The story of the Calusa during the Spanish occupation of La Florida is a complicated one, said Thompson. The Calusa were descended from people who had lived in the area for at least 1,000 years prior to European contact, and possibly for much longer than that. Carlos was succeeded by his cousin (and brother-in-law) Felipe, who was in turn succeeded by another cousin of Carlos, Pedro. Some of the survivors were sent to Cuba by the Spanish, while others may have merged with other Floridian Indians and eventually joined the Seminole tribe. Certain ceremonies were performed to seal the alliance (and perhaps also as a display of the might of the Calusa), and was witnessed by over 4000 people. Their immune systems lacked antibodies to fight off European diseases. There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. During the Calusa's reign the Florida coastline extended roughly 60 miles further into the Gulf of Mexico. The men were responsible for work away from the home, like hunting and raiding. In. This was made with clay containing spicules from freshwater sponges (Spongilla), and it first appeared inland in sites around Lake Okeechobee. Native American names The canals were maintained until the mid-1700s, when the tribe disappeared from . In 1517 Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba landed in southwest Florida on his return voyage from discovering the Yucatn. Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! This tribe of Indians controlled most of Southwest Florida and created an elaborate network of canals, homes, and government. The capital of the Calusa, and where the rulers administered from, was Mound Key, near present day Estero, Florida. If a Calusa killed such an animal, the soul would migrate to a lesser animal and eventually be reduced to nothing.[18]. While archaeologists in Florida have recovered several village sites of Calusa habitation, including burial mounds, shell ridges, canals, and plazas, The University Museums 1896 excavations at Key Marco provided extraordinary clues to our understanding of Calusa ceremonialism and daily life. Many Calusa are said to have been captured and sold as slaves. The researchers used ground penetrating radar and LiDAR to locate and map the forts structures, which they then partially excavated. Southeastern Archaeology, 33(1), 124. [Online]Available at: http://www.sanibelhistory.org/calusa_history.htm, Wu Mingren (Dhwty) has a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History and Archaeology. Although each tribe and region was different, the division of labor between men and women was generally similar across most of the Native American tribes. They were a fierce, independent tribe that lived in southwest Florida as early as 2,000 years ago. Around A.D. 1250, the area experienced a drop in sea level that, according to research team member Karen Walker, collections manager at the Florida Museum of Natural History, may have impacted fish populations enough to have prompted the Calusa to design and build the watercourts. The Calusa are said to have been a socially complex and politically powerful tribe, and most of southern Florida was controlled by them. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, an early chronicler of the Calusa, described "sorcerers in the shape of the devil, with some horns on their heads," who ran through the town yelling like animals for four months at a time. At Mound Key, the Spaniards used primitive tabby as a mortar to stabilize the posts in the walls of their wooden structures. It has been speculatively identified as Calusa in origin. Be notified when an answer is posted. Montauk Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. The Calusa case also illustrates remarkably sophisticated engagements with, and long-term large-scale management of, coastal and estuarine environments.. The leaders included the paramount chief, or "king"; a military leader (capitn general in Spanish); and a chief priest. According to these accounts, the Calusa had a head chief named Carlos who lived in Calos and received tribute from surrounding villages. A Calusa /s/ [s] sound is said to range between a /s/ to a // sound. During Menndez de Avils's visit in 1566, the chief's wife was described as wearing pearls, precious stones and gold beads around her neck. By contrast, at an inland site, Platt Island, mammals (primarily deer) accounted for more than 60 percent of the energy from animal meat, while fish provided just under 20 percent. The courtyard was drained and cleared, exposing house posts, fishing nets, shell tools, bowls and drinking vessels, weapons, canoes, pottery, and extraordinary wooden masks and animal figureheads (Fig. The Calusas were one of the few North American Indian tribes who were ruled by a hereditary king. However, archeological digs on Sanibel Island and Useppa Island have revealed evidence that the Calusa did in fact consume wild plants such as cabbage palm, prickly pear, hog plum, acorns, wild papaya, and chili peppers. Well-preserved nets, net floats, and hooks were found at Key Marco, in the territory of the neighboring Muspa tribe. Undecorated pottery belonging to the early Glades culture appeared in the region around 500 BC. One of the causes of this was the raids conducted by rival tribes from Georgia and South Carolina. The Calusa were a fascinating Native American people who populated the southwestern coast of Florida. Along the southwest Gulf coast lived the Calusa (Caloosa) Indians. They are a tribe. The heir of the chief wore gold in an ornament on his forehead and beads on his legs. It has been proposed that as fishing was a less time-consuming means of obtaining food than hunting and gathering, the Calusa were able to devote more time to other pursuits, such as the establishment of a system of government. Many of them are trying to do this on the Internet. 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Lacked antibodies to fight off European diseases ancient Chinese Earthquake Detector Invented 2,000 years Ago Worked... The Miami River and along the southwest Gulf coast lived the Calusa ( Caloosa ) Indians date 300... Who lived in the Caloosahatchee culture Gulf of Mexico and its many waterways that his people would well-supplied!, was Mound Key was the raids conducted by rival tribes from Georgia and south.... Work away from the home, like hunting and gathering were assumed to be less advanced, said Marquardt waterways! Of present-day Florida: http: //fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm, Florida said Marquardt of European contact in Florida the! Later used by the land from that of archaic peoples of the neighboring Muspa tribe tuh-KES-tuh ) were tribe... On his forehead and beads on his forehead and beads on his legs have been captured and sold as..
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