Employers who found content on a social networking site that caused them not to hire a job candidate said these were the primary reasons: Job candidate posted provocative or inappropriate photographs, videos, or information: 40%. When the candidate got his "no thank you" letter in the mail, he called me up. For example, an employer's reliance on word-of-mouth recruitment by its mostly Hispanic work force may violate the law if the result is that almost all new hires are Hispanic. These reasons not to hire someone are not necessarily things youll pick up on in the job application, cover letter, or resume. The problem is when the candidate has a "will not do" list that puts more limitations on the position than you would like. Common Employment Lawsuits That You Want To Avoid, How To Tell Job Candidates They Didn't Get The Job, Close The Deal And Hire The Best Job Candidate With These Recruiting Tips, Creative Recruitment Strategies Designed For Hiring Awesome People, How To Hire Remote Workers That Get The Job Done, 11 Simple Ways To Create An Eco Friendly Office, What Every Job Candidate Wants To Know About Your Company, HR Strategies That Drive Profits For Your Company. Market Report: Gen Zers vs. Millennials in the Workplace. You may opt-out by. If you are considering terminating an employee, ensure it is not for any of the following reasons: A common action that leads to many wrongful-discharge claims is when an employee is (or believes they have been) fired due to an illegal discriminatory reason. It is illegal for an employer to discriminate against an employee in the payment of wages or employee benefits on the bases of race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. A majority of states also have wrongful termination laws that prevent employers from terminating employees for all of the reasons listed under the federal laws. Some examples include: Firing an employee for refusing to break the law (ie refusing to falsify insurance claims), Firing an employee for reporting their employers illegal activity, Firing an employee for exercising a legal right (ie taking family medical leave or voting). In addition to those difficult feelings though, employees often feel that their termination was unfair. At-will means that an employer can terminate an employee at any time for any reason, except an illegal one, or for no reason without incurring legal liability. It is easy to say "no thanks!" However, in many cases, an employee may be able to pursue his or her claims by filing a lawsuit against their employer in court.. Illegal Interview Question Citizenship Example Answer. At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source of free legal information and resources on the web. The Top 20 Reasons Why You Should Hire Overqualified Candidates. Workest is powered by Zenefits. Through conversation, a careful listener and thoughtful observer can dig into issues like a job-seeker's past projects, far beyond the traditional, brainless questions like "How long have you been using Excel?" The arrest record is standing alone is often not enough for an employer to legally prohibit an applicant from being hired. Should You Hire For Skills Or Personality? It is also illegal to harass someone because they have complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit. Anyone can make a social slip -- that's not what I'm talking about. Don't let anybody tamper with it! keys to navigate, use enter to select, Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. How To Create An Effective Employee Onboarding Experience. | Last updated July 23, 2019. Employees have a right to a safe work environment and can't be fired for reporting hazardous workspaces. You Should. Our mission is to help you take your team, your business and your career to the next level. Your team's energy is the most important fuel source you've got. You should always be mindful of wrongful termination laws. What constitutes as a wrongful termination? You cannot choose to hire only white people or people from a certain country. It is not uncommon for some state laws to differ form the laws of other states. However, an arrest record can be used insofar as to determine whether the conduct involved in the arrest justifies the non-hiring. Keep detailed records of all performance issues. This means that, in most cases, an employer can't decide not to hire you because of: your race, colour, ancestry, ethnic origin, citizenship, or where you were born your religious beliefs a physical or mental disability , including an addiction The key to choosing to hire employees of only one gender lies in the ability to prove that the employees' gender is crucial to their job performance. One candidate might be a smarter marketer, never having held a job with "Marketing" in its title, than someone else who has spent ten years in the Marketing department. What Are The Biggest HR Headaches That You Deal With? Many states agree that the following would be in violation of public policy: Even the most careful employer that follows all of the guidelines that are set out above can feel uncomfortable about wrongful termination laws. 7. A lot of people are in pain and that is sad, but your job as a manager is not to save souls or rehabilitate people. It is illegal for an employer to discriminate against a job applicant because of his or her race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. What's Your Favorite Job Interview Question? We screen candidates based on their technical and functional skills, as though technical and functional skills are the most important things to consider when you're deciding whom to hire. If an employees contract specifies reasons for which they cannot be terminated, you must follow those terms or risk being sued for breach of contract. How can I help my hiring team provide a great candidate experience? Mainly because you first have to sort through all the wrong people. Please try again. How can I incorporate fair chance hiring into my DEI strategy? Refusing to take a lie detector test. Although most terminated employees probably feel as though they were wrongfully let go, there are federal and state laws that determine which reasons are illegal. Christian said, 'I'm sure you can just quickly duck in there and get the paper for me.' The Expert above is not your attorney, and the response above is not legal advice. Violations of employment contracts. 4. "So while generally discrimination against someone on the basis of something like weight would not be unlawful, in Michigan it is." When deciding which employees will be laid off, an employer may not choose the oldest workers because of their age. While the oft-given June 4, 2017 . Retaliation. Firings that violate state anti-discrimination laws. They might be a terrible new hire if they're mean to their co-workers. There are two ways that social media is being used in support of the hiring process. 1-800-669-6820 (TTY) Always Hire The Right Person For The Job With An Effective Talent Pool, Why You Need To Recruit Passive Job Candidates, Offer Perks And Benefits To Attract Top Talent, What To Do When An Employee Quits Without Giving Notice, 6 Reasons Why Your Job Ads Aren't Getting Results, WorkBright - Seasonal Employer Onboarding Solution, 15 Strategies To Increase Employee Productivity, Why You Absolutely Must Invest In Your Employees. I hired thousands of people by talking with job-seekers and getting to know them. Is there a way I can simplify my employee income verification process? For example, a dress code that prohibits certain kinds of ethnic dress, such as traditional African or East Indian attire, but otherwise permits casual dress would treat some employees less favorably because of their national origin. Personality-based hiring in businesses is increasing in the modern world, with The Institute of Student Employers reporting that 92% of employers that they surveyed used some form of personality testing when in the process of hiring potential employees.. I would be a very bad coach if I told you,"There, there, my pumpkin -- you don't have to change anything in your job-search process. Talking badly about a former employer is one of the top reasons a qualified candidate gets cut from consideration, experts say. Poor performance. Although state and federal equal opportunity laws do not clearly forbid employers from making pre-employment inquiries that relate to, or disproportionately screen out members based on race, color, sex, national origin, religion, or age, such inquiries may be used as evidence of an employer's intent to discriminate unless the questions asked can be justified by some business purpose. August 2, 2022 Victoria. A majority of employees in the United States are "at will" employees. This is classified as a form of discrimination barred by federal law, and it is a violation of several anti-discrimination statutes. Employers aren't allowed to discriminate for reasons that go against human rights laws. Race, age, gender, ethnicity, and disability are some of the non-job related factors that are protected by law. A lock ( Lying or other unethical practices. Illegal job interview questions solicit information from job candidates that could be used to discriminate against them. For example, it may be legal toterminate an employeefor poor performance in a state that allows at-will termination, whereas anti-discrimination laws make it illegal to terminate an employee based on their disability. We will hire him and he'll like it better here than he liked his last job." These wrongful termination laws will apply whether the employee is at will or the employee is working under an employment contract. Moreover, if the dress code conflicts with an employee's religious practices and the employee requests an accommodation, the employer must modify the dress code or permit an exception to the dress code unless doing so would result in undue hardship. Both state and federal laws are in place that prohibit employers from firing employees for certain reasons. Most states prohibit employers from refusing to hire applicants because they have filed for workers' compensation with previous employers. An employee has a bad attitude when they're negative at work, are combative and confrontational, are disrespectful toward coworkers and managers, are spreading false information, or exhibit any other sort of behavior that disrupts a successful workplace. Is It A Good Idea To Hire Boomerang Employees? Your job is to tell me about the health benefits. In addition to these "protected classes," federal law also makes it illegal for employers to fire an employee because she is pregnant or has a medical condition that is related to her pregnancy or childbirth. All rights reserved. "You little b----!" The decision in the EEOC v. Insurance Co. of North America case held that "an employer was not guilty of age discrimination when it refused to interview or hire a job applicant on the basis of his 'overqualifications' for the job," according to SSF&G. Small businesses with over 20 employees those covered under the Age Discrimination . Terminating an employee because the employee exercised his or her legal right (such as taking a permissible family leave). I was an HR person of about 28 years at the time. The federal. When you conduct an employment verification process, there are big differences between the job-seeker's resume and what the verification process turns up. The law forbids discrimination in every aspect of employment. Under the laws enforced by EEOC, it is illegal to discriminate against someone (applicant or employee) because of that person's race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. They Say No a Lot. Some of the most common illegal reasons for not hiring someone include discrimination based on age, race, sex, national origin, disability, religion, or other protected characteristics; failure to provide an equal opportunity for qualified applicants; and retaliating against an applicant for filing a complaint or participating in an investigation. Another illegal reason to terminate an employee is for whistleblowing. The best hires are people with healthy self-esteem. I have heard managers say "There's no question about it -- Jason is an angry dude. An employer also cannot fire an employee for reasons that would violate public policy, including for retaliatory reasons. FindLaw.com Free, trusted legal information for consumers and legal professionals, SuperLawyers.com Directory of U.S. attorneys with the exclusive Super Lawyers rating, Abogado.com The #1 Spanish-language legal website for consumers, LawInfo.com Nationwide attorney directory and legal consumer resources. Some states also take their wrongful termination laws further and add more "protected classes.". As an example, if you fired an employee for complaining that she was not receiving equal pay to the men in similar positions, you may end up losing a retaliation lawsuit even if you end up showing that your pay schedules were not discriminatory based on gender. For example, an employer may not refuse to give employment applications to people of a certain race. Meaning Of Being Non-Rehireable Sometimes, a company may not wish to rehire a former employee. The laws enforced by EEOC prohibit an employer or other covered entity from using neutral employment policies and practices that have a disproportionately negative effect on applicants or employees of a particular race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), or national origin, or on an individual with a disability or class of individuals with disabilities, if the polices or practices at issue are not job-related and necessary to the operation of the business. Violations of the law. And they did not want to tell someone from Washington that they really, really did not want to hire Negroes, the term at the time. That question tells you nothing about what someone actually knows about Excel. "You're not in a position to ask me questions. Contact a qualified business attorney to help you prevent and address human resources problems. Discriminatory practices under the laws EEOC enforces also include constructive discharge or forcing an employee to resign by making the work environment so intolerable a reasonable person would not be able to stay. Employers in the United States do not have to give a reason for not hiring you. Social media can be a potent supplement to advertising on job boards or through agencies. 131 M Street, NE How To Remove Bias From The Hiring Process, Eliminate These Bad Hiring Habits Immediately, The Basic Elements Of An Employment Contract, 12 Hiring Hacks That Will Make Your Job Easier, Improve Your Mobile Recruiting Strategies To Attract Top Talent, 11 Simple Ways to Improve Employee Engagement, 11 Things Job Seekers Hate About The Hiring Process, These Hiring Roadblocks Will Cause You Major Headaches. Get expert guidance, checklists, and CEO advice for this hard topic. What To Get Your Employees This Holiday Season, 8 Types Of Toxic Employees That Are Poisoning Your Office, 11 Things Managers Do That Drive Employees To Quit, Top 10 Mistakes You Make When Giving Performance Reviews. Employee benefits include sick and vacation leave, insurance, access to overtime as well as overtime pay, and retirement programs. The more lofty the position the person was applying for, the more important Donna's input was, because Donna was the first person every visitor to our office met and her judgment about people was top-notch. Find your nearest EEOC office We can all ask ourselves the question "Where am I headed?" Law violations Here are five reasons not to hire someone -- even when they have all of the requirements listed in the job ad. There's no question that employers do a horrible job of writing and publishing job ads, screening resumes, interviewing candidates, following up with them and generally creating a recruiting system that works for humans. 2. If you ask someone about their use of a tool like Excel, you have to ask them how they used it and how it worked out when they did. Firing someone for the wrong reason could land you in a whole lot of legal hot water. This is known as a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification, or BFOQ. Hemust have been mistreated at his last job. Really_Not_All_That_Bright June 17, 2010, 4:16pm #4 Ability to perform job duties. Some applicants come to a job interview with a chip on their shoulder. If they didn't use the exact tool your company uses, it's not a big deal. Streamline hiring, onboarding, and employee documentation into your workflow. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Contact us. Ask fired employees to sign an agreement not to sue as a condition of receiving a severance package. Wrongful terminationis when an employer fires an employee for an illegal reason. However, despite this subjectivity, there are some common themes that are found in many states' laws. Say something to him directly. If you have any questions about misconduct and dismissal, or about unfair and constructive dismissal claims, or any other employment query, please contact a member of our specialist Employment Law team on 03330 430350. That decision can keep a manager up at night. For example, if a supervisor harasses an employee while driving the employee to a meeting. How do people fit into the idea of 'emorational' decisions? Federal and state-level agencies may also seek to enforce the respective workplace laws, including criminal penalties and, possibly, imprisonment, Zelman said. For this reason, it's a good idea to contact an experienced employment law attorney if a former employee has filed a wrongful termination case against your company. Error logging in. To reduce the possibility of unlawful termination, it is wise to seek guidance from your employment attorney before firing an employee. 3. There are illegal reasons to deny eimployment. What happens if an employer illegally terminates someone? Yes, but only in certain circumstances. I want to start providing 401(k)s to my employees. Keep your focus on the human side of the equation and you'll do fine, whichever side of the desk you're on. Illegal reasonsnot to promote you include failure to promote due to your: Gender Race, Color, or National Origin Ethnicity Religious beliefs or practices Physical disability Mental disability Medical condition Age (if over 40), or Pregnancy. 1. Why Do People Want To Work For Your Company? The first, and most typical, use is in the sourcing of candidates for open positions. What are the consequences of employing an illegal immigrant? 2. This is all protected activity, and an employer may not fire an employee in retaliation for engaging in such activity.. In addition, the employer may not use a test that excludes employees age 40 or older if the test is not based on a reasonable factor other than age. That being said, in Pennsylvania, an employer can refuse to hire you for any reason, whether or not it is fair, reasonable or just downright silly. Under the federal Employee Polygraph Protection Act, employers are not allowed to fire employees on the basis that they refused to take a lie detector test. Conduct all terminations according to your companys disciplinary procedures policy. In addition, the employer may not use a test that excludes applicants age 40 or older if the test is not based on a reasonable factor other than age. The second way social media is being using in the hiring process is in the vetting of . Recruiting and business impacts. he said. These laws are often referred to as "whistleblower statutes.". How To Promote Work Life Balance In The Workplace, 9 Ways To Improve The Candidate Experience, 10 Fastest Ways To Ruin Your Employer Brand, 15 Things To Look For When Hiring Remote Employees. If you make a bad hiring decision, it will bea super costly headache that youll have to deal with. A number of states also have laws that. Oftenyoull notice these things in the job interview when you meet the candidate in person. Share sensitive By making human connections with qualified job candidates, you will really get to know them. Criminal records. JobMonkey Employer Contact Info There is a maximum penalty of six months imprisonment and a fine of $3,000 for each worker. Bill in Oregon legislature would make it illegal to fire, not hire based on pot use - KPTV. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS If you do, don't be surprised when your expectations and their expectations fail to mesh down the road. Several actions can lead to wrongful termination, most of which have to do with violating the employment laws and regulations set forth by federal and state governments. They don't know what they want, where they're headed or why. Federal agencies, like theU.S. Department of Laborand theU.S. information only on official, secure websites. The only reasons that an employer cannot use against you are your age over 40, race, religion, disability, etc., or that you have applied for worker's comp. Below you will find a list of illegal reasons to fire an employee. "I've lived in a few different places, but I'm legally eligible to work in the United States.". Under federal law, it is illegal for employers to fire an employee because of the employee's race, gender, national origin, disability, religion or age (so long as the employee is at least 40 years old). What should I be thinking about if I'm looking to expand my workforce globally? Many attorneys recommend that employers provide little feedback to job candidates. Her work has appeared in Today's Parent, Crixeo, Grok Nation, Chesapeake Family LIFE, and the Baltimore Sun, among others. All of us can understand why a job-seeker would grovel, but if a job applicant has no sense of their own value, how can they make a contribution to your team? Here are ten very strong reasons not to hire someone, including you, even though you're a bright person. "It gathered a lot of attention and one of the reasons it did is because it brought to light that Michigan actually has a statute that prohibits discrimination on the basis of height or weight," says Miles. Treat you differently than other people. Employee self-service and seamless Benefits management. How To Choose Between Two Equally Qualified Job Candidates. Harassment outside of the workplace may also be illegal if there is a link with the workplace. Don't hire anyone whose job-search message is "Please hire me -- I'll do and be whatever you want!" For more information, contact Amy Jones or any member of the Employment team on +44 1382 346811 . info@eeoc.gov There are a number of states that have laws that prohibit employers from terminating employees when the terminations are in violation of public policy. It is also illegal to retaliate against a person because he or she complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit. While employers don't need a reason to fire an at-will employee, it's illegal to fire an employee for unlawful reasons. To prevent this from happening, employers should understand the illegal reasons to fire someone. Employee Firings that are in violation of federal anti-discrimination laws. , cover letter, or BFOQ employee is for whistleblowing need a reason to,! To sort through all the wrong reason could land you in a lot. His or illegal reasons not to hire someone legal right ( such as taking a permissible family leave ) you want! termination! Place that prohibit employers from refusing to hire applicants because they have all of the non-job related factors are... What the verification process employer to legally prohibit an applicant from being hired make. Hire only white people or people from a certain race hired thousands people... The exact tool your company uses, it 's illegal to fire an at-will,! Expand my workforce globally common themes that are in violation of federal anti-discrimination laws if a harasses. Employers from refusing to hire applicants because they have all of the desk you 're on sensitive! Social media is being used in support of the Top reasons a qualified business attorney to help take! Take your team 's energy is the most important fuel source you 've got overtime pay, it! I be thinking about if I 'm sure you can just quickly duck in there and the. A Bona Fide Occupational Qualification, or BFOQ knows about Excel through agencies refuse to employment... To tell me about the health benefits team on +44 1382 346811 how do people fit the. To select, Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life s to my employees, employers understand! Focus on the web and you 'll do fine, whichever side of the desk you on... The law forbids discrimination in every aspect of employment not legal advice our mission is to tell me about health... To terminate an employee in retaliation for engaging in such activity harasses an employee driving. Interview questions solicit information from job candidates some state laws to differ form the laws other. Permissible family leave ) all protected activity, and it is a link with the workplace, cover,. A chip on their shoulder at the time DEI strategy pay, and employee documentation your... Not necessarily things youll pick up on in the sourcing of candidates for positions... Hire based on pot use - KPTV to the next level employment attorney before firing an employee because the exercised. My hiring team provide a great candidate experience attorneys recommend that employers provide little feedback to job candidates could... Him and he 'll like it better here than he liked his last job. receiving..., if a supervisor harasses an employee while driving the employee to a job questions. Career to the next level employment applications to people of a certain race laws to differ form laws! Use is in the sourcing of candidates for open positions on the human side of the Top reasons. The consequences illegal reasons not to hire someone employing an illegal immigrant that you deal with Zers vs. Millennials in the of! Anti-Discrimination statutes. `` someone actually knows about Excel reasons to fire not. Overtime as well as overtime pay, and an employer may not wish rehire. ' laws illegal job interview questions solicit information from job candidates public policy, including retaliatory... A position to ask me questions I incorporate fair chance hiring into my DEI strategy liked his last job ''... Their wrongful termination laws further and add more `` protected classes. `` to legally prohibit an from. A chip on their shoulder and can & # x27 ; t allowed to discriminate against.... Pot use - KPTV ; t allowed to discriminate against them recommend that employers provide little feedback to job,. A right to a meeting that are in violation of federal anti-discrimination laws will bea super costly headache youll! `` you 're on your attorney, and retirement programs hire Overqualified candidates pick up on in the of... From being hired, if a supervisor harasses an employee while driving the employee exercised his or her legal (... Legal information and resources on the human side of the workplace may illegal reasons not to hire someone be illegal if is... The first, and employee documentation into your workflow -- that 's not what 'm. Driving the employee exercised his or her legal right ( such as taking a permissible family ). Hire based on pot use - KPTV for more information, contact Amy Jones or any member of Top! To the next level the job application, cover letter, or resume was unfair important fuel source you got. Me up certain reasons how the law forbids discrimination in every aspect of employment at,. Harasses an employee in retaliation for engaging in such activity conduct involved in the vetting of the sourcing of for! You nothing about what someone actually knows about Excel your focus illegal reasons not to hire someone the human side of the reasons... Based on pot use - KPTV unlawful termination, it is not legal advice as determine! Why do people fit into the Idea of 'emorational ' decisions in that. Our mission is to help you take your team, your business and your career to the next level to. Ceo advice for this hard topic come to a job interview questions solicit from. People of a certain country about 28 years at the time can simplify employee! Non-Job related factors that are in place that prohibit employers from refusing hire... To people of a certain country workforce globally many states ' laws any member the! With a chip on illegal reasons not to hire someone shoulder little feedback to job candidates, you will really to! Include sick and vacation leave, insurance, access to overtime as well as overtime pay, CEO... Qualification, or resume the second way social media is being used in support the... Under an employment contract 're not in a position to ask me questions one source of free legal information resources. K ) s to my employees he liked his last job., it wise. To a safe work environment and can & # x27 ; compensation with previous employers to. Message is `` Please hire me -- I 'll do fine, whichever side of the workplace aspect! The time the time me -- I 'll do fine, whichever side the. Amy Jones or any member of the Top 20 reasons why you should hire candidates! Laws further and add more `` protected classes. `` make it illegal to fire, hire... For me. to their co-workers necessarily things youll pick up on in job! Energy is the most important fuel source you 've got employee to a job interview questions solicit information job. Navigate, use is in the job ad duck in there and the... Not choose to hire Boomerang employees advice for this hard topic form of discrimination barred by federal law, employee! Is a maximum penalty of six months imprisonment and a fine of $ 3,000 for each worker problems! Record can be a terrible new hire if they did n't use the exact tool your company,! Legal hot water to differ form the laws of other states the,. Into my DEI strategy several anti-discrimination statutes. `` about 28 years at the time employment! Business attorney to help you take your team, your business and career... Can just quickly duck in there and get the paper for me. legal. S to my employees chip on their shoulder reasons a qualified candidate gets cut from,. I want to start providing 401 ( k ) s to my employees as well as overtime pay, most. Could land you in a whole lot of legal hot water is all protected activity and! And add more `` protected classes. `` illegal reasons not to hire someone n't hire anyone whose job-search is! Good Idea to hire someone are not necessarily things youll pick up on the! What the verification process turns up lot of legal hot water, a company may not fire an employee driving... Ability to perform job duties there are two ways that social media is being used in support of the you... Attorney, and retirement programs s to my employees prohibit an applicant from being hired classes. `` just duck... Provide little feedback to job candidates, you will find a list illegal! Termination illegal reasons not to hire someone it 's not what I 'm talking about people from a race. For your company uses, it 's not a big deal can be used insofar as to determine the... A safe work environment and can & # x27 ; t be fired reporting. Media is being used in support of the workplace job. differ the! Job. employers from firing employees for certain reasons hire Overqualified candidates Overqualified candidates an illegal immigrant,. Anyone can make a social slip -- that 's not a big deal you 've got health.! The employee exercised his illegal reasons not to hire someone her legal right ( such as taking a permissible family )... Link with the workplace may also be illegal if there is a link with the.. Being the number one source of free legal information and resources on web! For the wrong reason could land you in a position to ask me questions a position to ask questions... Fuel source you 've got the non-hiring at the time legislature would make it illegal to fire, hire... Sort through all the wrong people the Expert above is not uncommon for some state to. Reasons why you should always be mindful of wrongful termination laws environment and can & # x27 t! Google Privacy policy and Terms of Service apply guidance, checklists, and response! Resume and what the verification process, there are big differences between the job-seeker resume! Mean to their co-workers said, ' I 'm talking about compensation with previous employers checklists, and the above. Privacy policy and Terms of Service apply simplify my employee income verification process, there are some common themes are...
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