What are the first words that come to mind when you hear the term "the Middle East"? Some negative effects include, unfair working conditions, union strikes, pollution and child labor. A second group of arguments relates imperialism to the nature of human beings and human groups, such as the state. 111 St. Clair Avenue West There are many reasons why imperialism occurs, including motives from an economic standpoint, as well as just a way to show and achieve power. THEORIES AND POLEMICS Despite their different outcomes, both cases illustrate how the Cold War and decolonization shifted global and regional power. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa, Justification for Empire, European Concepts, Empires and Nation-States: Political Geography, The Long Decline: From the Ottoman Empire to the Mandate System. In 1900, primarily for strategic reasons, France began the occupation of the territory that subsequently became Mauritania, and in 1912, in partnership with Spain, it imposed a protectorate on the sultanate of Morocco. As a result of Imperialism, following outcomes appeared: extreme discrimination, nationalism, and exchange of cultures. The Suez Canal cut that trip in half. The problem is that America's engagement has become in the negative sense only. This map includes North Africa, which is often excluded. A major part of this effort was modernization: of industry, government and society. One of the things lost in the imperialistic age was the indigenous cultures of the countries that were imperialized. Imperialism was both, good and bad. However, imperialism had far-reaching negative effects which outweighed their positive effects. Though the Arab rulers had some control, they mostly acted upon the advice of their imperial masters. That expansion did not seriously affect the Maghreb or Egypt, however, until the nineteenth century, and, except economically, it did not affect the most populous areas of southwest Asia until the early twentieth century. Nationalism is a feeling of pride and devotion to ones country. Let's explore the connections between decolonization and the Cold War by looking at the two most populous Middle Eastern nations: Egypt and Iran. Soon thereafter, however, the Christian peoples of the Balkans, stimulated in part by the exposure of community members to European ideas as a consequence of educational or personal contacts outside Ottoman territories, did begin to see themselves as victims of Ottoman domination. Today the term imperialism is commonly used in internationalpropagandato denounce and discredit an opponentsforeign policy. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. So, the next time someone tells you "the Middle East is a violent place" or that "problems in the Middle East are the result of ancient religious conflicts," you should remind them that many of the worst conflicts in the region are direct results of twentieth-century colonialism and Cold War politics. When the Company lost control, the British government took over India. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Negative Effects By breaking up the age-old patterns of the agrarian economy in the colonies and by forcing them to grow commercial crops, they destroyed the self-sufficiency of their rural society. Those who argue that it does point to the human and material resources and the outlets for goods, investment capital, and surplus population provided by an empire. Socially, the negative impression of imperialism evolved into loss of religion, population and dignity. However, critics say imperialism exists today; for example, many in the Middle East saw the U.S.-led Iraq War as a new brand of anti-Arab and anti-Islamic imperialism. There are various reasons as to why nations seek to imperialize other countries. This arbitrary division fomented tensions in the region, as now, different sects and ethnic groups, who lived peacefully under the Ottomans for four centuries, mainly because of its decentralized rule, now had an Arab ruler acting as the puppet for the European imperialists. This was something that they could not accept and the formulation of the concept of pan-Arabian unity took place at this point in history. Some, like the Palestinians, didn't get a nation-state at all. The centuries old tussle between the Ottomans and the West was coming to an exciting climax, with the West gaining advantage over every sphere. Many European countries had set up their colonies in many parts of the world such as Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In many cases, this negative perception is rooted in decades-long conflicts and the history of US involvement in the region. One by one, the countries of the Middle East became free of direct imperial control. . The Armenian genocide and Turkish nationalism had alienated a significant number of ethnic groups within the Empire and it is no surprise why they all fought alongside Sherif Husein of Mecca in the 1918 Arab Revolt. Nations are urged, proponents of this viewpoint say, to obtain bases, strategic materials, buffer states, natural frontiers, and control of communication lines for reasons of security or to prevent other states from obtaining them. But the cosmopolis, in which all citizens of the world would live harmoniously together in equality, remained a dream of Alexander. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. The Middle-Eastern pie, being shared by Britain and France, was a far cry from the pre-revolt promises. Each is shown in a different color with the green belonging to the Italians, the yellow belonging to the Russians, the blue belonging to the French, and the pink belonging to the British. In Algeria, colonists' refusal to permit meaningful reform led the Front de Libration Nationale to launch a revolution in 1954; France's attempt to repress it cost roughly 500,000 Algerian lives and ended in independence for Algeria in July 1962. Leaders in decolonizing nations had to be strategic in order to survive. No matter where you draw its borders, it's a contested term. The term "the Middle East" is itself a British colonial invention. Their influence shaped the cultural, political, and religious character of a vast region from Morocco to Iraq and from Egypt to Eastern Europe. Other Islamic activist movements have, to varying degrees, shared hostility or suspicion of the West as an imperialist force. Nochlin mentioned that many of Grmes paintings worked to persuade their audiences by carefully representing a "preexisting Oriental reality.. The word "Imperialism" has a negative impression. As with other types of imperialism, the rising power and influence of the U.S. on a global scale has had positive and negative effects. Those endowed with superior qualities are destined to rule all others. This was especially true in minority religious communities. Imperialism has many positive and negative effects. Not surprisingly, the British viewed imperialism as profitable because it gave them wealth, and it helped them gain acquired goods. Ohad Leslau 48 Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. Post 1960s, we see a revival of these groups and the Western powers have only aggravated the situation in the region by making use of these regional frictions between what were basically peaceful communities. During this time, Europe played a big role and was a major world leader. American business practices and technologies have also expanded into other parts of the world. In Iran, Jalal Al-e Ahmad's concept of gharbzadegi or "Westoxication" contributed to the explicitly anti-Western character of the 1979 revolution. 3 (Summer 1993): 2228. Empire, imperial, and imperialism are ter, THE CAUSE OF DECOLONIZATION By 1914, the Ottoman Sultans ruled a crumbling empire. The major reason for this delay was the power and durability of the Ottoman Empire. With the fall of the Ottoman Empire, there are multiple claimants to power in different regions. In my opinion, The Age. In the Scramble for Africa, the Europeans divided the country among themselves without concerning about the relationships between different regions. (An empire is a singular political unitnot necessarily based on territorial contiguitythat incorporates different peoples who were previously self-governing and who retain some institutional autonomy.) The negatives outway the positives. People of different classes united and fought against the colonial power, so evident in India and Vietnam. Once the colonial powers had left, Arab nationalism was the prerogative of ambitious tyrants and foreign-educated intellectuals who believed that fractures in the unity would be another excuse for Western intervention in the region. Imperialism was nothing new in the world when European expansion began impacting the Middle East. Imperialism had positive and negative effects. The failure of Islamic societies to make a distinction between the religion and the state basically renders the entire Arab nationalist project a failure. In Confessions of Faith, Cecil Rhodes, a British imperialist in Africa, wrote about how the British had begun colonization. Negative Effects of Imperialism The act of Imperialism refers to process where one nation attempts to take control of other countries for either raw resources or strategical purposes. What policy did Mohammad Mossadegh implement in Iran? It was for centuries the primary empire in the Middle East and North Africa. During imperialism Europeans states started big empires in africa, but also asia, and the middle east. Imperialism is more often than not fueled by two major schools of thought known as nationalism and Social Darwinism. Immanuel Wallerstein, whose theories have been particularly influential, portrays imperialism as the imposition upon the entire world of a system through which capitalist Europe made the rest of the world economically dependent and imposed economic underdevelopment by monopolizing resources, reorienting self-sustaining regions toward extraction of primary goods for European manufacturers, and preventing the emergence of viable mixed economies in non-European areas. The fact that the Indian people lacked unity and were divided by geographical means meant that Britain could claim India as its colony. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Corrections? Mark Twain, a great American writer who was also an anti-imperialist, once said, It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. So if the imperialists truly wanted to help the people, they should let them be and stop interfering in their business. Africa is home to countless resources including cocoa, diamonds, as well as metals such as iron and copper. Some of these include: British rule in India had both negative and positive effects on India. After World War I, many of these countries were indeed "reincarnated" as they began to rebuild after sustaining the impacts of war, famine and cultural hegemony. From the 1950s to late 1980s, Zionist imperialism kept Arabs under consensus on a lot of strategic issues, though the hatred for Israel often dependent upon the individual state. wafd; The tyrannical empire of the Assyrians was replaced (6th4th century bce) by that of the Persians, in strong contrast to the Assyrian in its liberal treatment of subjected peoples, assuring it long duration. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Economic motives were a major cause of New Imperialism. Empire and Imperialism: Middle East. One of the most far-reaching consequences of Western imperialism is the shift of status and position of women in the Middle East. What do you think explains these two different outcomes. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa, "Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa There are many that are for imperialism but also many who are against it. The discourse of alQaida, which also emerged in the 1990s, is primarily cultural. The mandate system established at San Remo in 1920 to resolve the problems caused by the defeat of the Ottoman Empire extended European imperialism by giving France control of Lebanon and Syria and Britain control of Palestine and Iraq. In the course of these developments, the imperialistic nations also brought many new inventions and discoveries to these colonies, which transformed them for the better. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Europe introduced education, religion, trade, and government to the people, but the way in which they forced these things upon the native people is where they went wrong. British imperialism had many positive and negative effects on India. In many parts of the colonized world, the traditional cultures were destroyed or replaced by western culture. Public Company The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. Imperialism is excused as the means of liberating peoples from tyrannical rule or of bringing them the blessings of a superior way of life. The fourth group of arguments is based on moral grounds, sometimes with strong missionary implications. Berque, Jacques. The country was first impressed by the Belgian king, King Leopold II. French North Africa: The Maghrib between Two World Wars. In their modern form, arguments about the causes and value of imperialism can be classified into four main groups. From another angle, Imperialism was an inhumane method to colonize. The decline of the Ottoman Empire created a strategic vacuum which was capitalised by the European powers, particularly the British. In conclusion, imperialism had countless negative effects on the world today. The concept of the nation-state that the pan-Arabists sought was different from the French notion of a voluntary contract and more similar to the German Volk, a natural nation above all volition, bound by the mystery of language and lore. There were a significant number of groups that did not want to come under the fold of pan-Arabism and their voices were suppressed brutally, as in the massacre of Assyrians in the Iraq of 1930s. In imperialism, the stronger countries took over the weaker countries and used them for their resources which improved their economy. Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. When a European power came into a foreign country of Asia, Africa or the Caribbean and conquered it for its own imperialistic motives, it completely dominated that country. In taking over so many regions, the Turkish-speaking armies of the sultans created an empire that included many different linguistic, religious, and ethnic groups, in which Turks were always a minority. balfour declaration (1917); Imperialism is the action of a country taking over another country. It is important to recognize that nation-states of the Middle East do not accurately represent the cultural identities of all their inhabitants. Marxist theoreticians interpret imperialism as a late stage of capitalism wherein the national capitalist economy has become monopolistic and is forced to conquer outlets for its overproduction and surplus capital in competition with other capitalist states. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. 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