what stage is bangladesh in the demographic transition model

/CA 1 /K [ 126 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R 224 0 obj Stage 2: Population Explosion. 205 0 obj >> Recently there are different countries in stage V where population growth rate is negative i.e, Croatia, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal and Ukraine. /K [ 104 ] >> 211 0 obj technology and reductions in battery costs have brought << >> /P 48 0 R /K [ 244 0 R 246 0 R 248 0 R 250 0 R 252 0 R ] Stage 4: Stationary Population. different indicators of access at the aggregate level, /S /P 393 0 obj >> In 2000 CBR=19.0, CDR=4.9 and PGR=1.40, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /K [ 338 0 R ] This model has the following characteristics: (1) The core SEIR model includes asymptomatic and symptomatic infections; (2) the symptomatic infection is a multi-variant; (3) the recovery stage provides a partial feed to the symptomatic infection; and (4) the . << 105 0 obj /S /Figure /S /P /Pg 3 0 R Bangladesh NGR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS. endobj << /P 257 0 R 177 0 obj endobj << Bangladesh CBR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS. << Click to visit endobj 447 0 obj endobj Staff Papers 42(2):398410. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. /S /TR /Pg 41 0 R /S /TD /K [ 72 ] endobj You are planning an exercise that will include the m16 and m203. 56 0 obj 463 0 obj endobj /K [ 305 0 R 307 0 R 309 0 R 311 0 R 313 0 R 315 0 R 317 0 R 319 0 R 321 0 R ] In Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), death rates are low and birth rates decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women's status and education, and access to contraception. /StemV 44 >> 70 0 obj /S /P /Pg 36 0 R Shekh Farid. /S /P /S /P << /Pg 36 0 R THE FORERUNNERS The demographic transition model began as a classification of populations differentiated by different combinations of fertility and mortality. /S /TD 360 0 obj endobj endobj /P 48 0 R >> /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 78 ] 291 0 obj 278 0 obj 11 terms. << /AIS false endobj /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj /K [ 280 0 R ] >> /K [ 474 0 R 476 0 R 478 0 R 480 0 R 482 0 R 484 0 R 486 0 R 488 0 R ] 491 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R << endobj /P 106 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /Subtype /TrueType /P 48 0 R /P 166 0 R << /S /P << 431 0 obj /P 448 0 R /Ordering (Identity) /Type /Font << /Type /FontDescriptor << << >> endobj /Pg 36 0 R PubMedGoogle Scholar. << /K [ 249 0 R ] endobj /P 82 0 R /Pg 36 0 R range of power sector interventions, especially when 242 0 obj /StemV 40 5 0 obj << /P 159 0 R Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/1ff4a498/Popular-Indicators, World Bank, World Development Indicators (2020e) Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) [Data File]. endobj << /S /TD /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 119 ] /K [ 45 ] /AIS false government's commitment to the well-being and endobj endobj << /Pg 3 0 R In 1991 CBR=31.6, CDR=11.2 and PGR=2.18, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. << <> 221 0 obj In 2007 CBR=20.9, CDR=6.2 and PGR=1.47, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. endobj >> /K [ 42 ] >> /S /TD >> social protection are the key to improving the state of /S /TD /Pg 36 0 R Every nation undergoes age structural transition of population at three stages: i) increased child (0-14) dependency ratio, ii) increased working-age cohort (15-59), and iii) population ageing (Navaneetham and Dharmalingam 2012; Cruz and Ahmed 2018 ). >> endobj 327 0 obj /P 214 0 R >> /S /P For instance, at first alternation of the increasing store of capital and infrastructure will be decreased due to decrease in population. << /P 283 0 R << endobj /K [ 37 ] 455 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R endobj /P 48 0 R /P 268 0 R /K [ 56 ] /Pg 41 0 R Demographic transition Bangladesh is facing . /Pg 36 0 R [ 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 56 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R It also presents evidence on some aspects of /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 30 0 R /P 242 0 R /F2 7 0 R endobj endobj 110 0 obj >> << << /S /TD 351 0 obj /StructTreeRoot 46 0 R /K 70 /S /P Stage 1 (High Fluctuating): The first stage consists of high birth and death rates. >> << /K [ 370 0 R ] /P 69 0 R << << >> /P 190 0 R << World Bank, Washington, DC. >> In the 4th stage birth rate and death rate are decreasing as a same rate but decreasing rate is very low, as a result growth rate is zero or may be negative. /Pg 36 0 R We used data from the national level census and surveys, the World Bank and data from the United Nations Population Division. According to data, from the four decades of Bangladesh concluding that still now crude birth rate is so high. >> >> /S /TD endobj This is known as the demographic transition model (DTM). J Asian Econ 19:389399. /P 103 0 R /S /TD << /K [ 203 0 R 205 0 R 207 0 R 209 0 R 211 0 R 213 0 R ] Brazil and rural communities of Bangladesh would be at this stage. /K [ 0 ] /BaseFont /Arial /SMask /None Stud Fam Plann 39(2):105110. So conclude that in the last ten years (1991-2000) Bangladesh lies on the second stage (Table 7). /S /TD /P 139 0 R >> /K [ 1 ] endobj since increasing production in the agricultural sector so society depends on it, most of the family members know that increasing number of children means creating large workforce. >> endobj /S /P /Pg 3 0 R Demographic Transition o. f Bangladesh. <> 412 0 obj /K [ 413 0 R 415 0 R 417 0 R 419 0 R 421 0 R 423 0 R 425 0 R 427 0 R 429 0 R ] /P 171 0 R /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman 133 0 obj South Asia economic and policy studies. /P 437 0 R 206 0 obj gained from increasing nutrition investments in the Kyrgyz /K [ 444 0 R ] /S /P endobj /K [ 110 0 R ] /P 253 0 R 228 0 obj 297 0 obj /S /P endobj /K 49 /Pg 36 0 R /S /P Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=BD-1W, World Bank, World Development Indicators (2020g) School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross) [Data File]. >> https://doi.org/10.2307/2946695. >> endobj /P 125 0 R /S /TD /Pg 36 0 R /P 448 0 R >> /BM /Normal /CIDToGIDMap /Identity >> endobj J Monet Econ 54(1):92114. endobj /P 203 0 R << /Pg 3 0 R << quality in the education and social protection sectors. << /K [ 16 ] J Popul Res 33(3):283305. /K [ 11 ] /Pg 36 0 R Why are carefully designed, sensible policies too often not adopted or implemented? [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 0 500 500 500 500 500 0 500 500 500 500 /P 430 0 R <> << >> /K [ 63 ] Aditya Gaur Abstract: Demographic transition refers to the movement from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region moves from pre-industrial to industrialized economic system. 353 0 obj >> endobj /P 64 0 R /S /P /Pg 3 0 R /FontFile2 501 0 R << << scaling Nepal Human Development Note : Access, Equity, and Quality in the Education, Health and Social Protection Sectors. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /S /P Demographic transition basically has four phases namely pre-transition, early transition, late transition and post transition depending on dir Continue Reading Anonymous 1 y Related /Pg 41 0 R Investments in education, health and As a comparison, SSA countries reduced TFR by as little as 2 births per woman, on average, between 1970 and 2016 (World Bank, 2019), with Niger, Chad and Democratic Republic of Congo . /P 123 0 R With changing time in the mid of 20th century most of the countries of the world are not only come in stage II but also stage III, stage IV and stage V. There are different countries in stage II especially least developing countries i.e, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Guatemala, Nauru, Palestine, Sub-Saharan Africa and Yemen. >> /ToUnicode 493 0 R 376 0 obj >> endobj /Pg 36 0 R Since BR and DR are high so PGR will be zero in this stage. << endobj 332 0 obj 306 0 R 308 0 R 310 0 R 312 0 R 314 0 R 316 0 R 318 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 324 0 R 326 0 R battery energy storage systems (BESS) to the point of 445 0 obj << << According to the demographic transition model in the 1st and 3rd stage population growth rate is zero but in the 2nd stage there is a positive population growth rate and population growth rate is also high. /P 154 0 R /XHeight 250 >> /Pg 3 0 R >> /S /P /K [ 378 0 R ] >> endobj endobj /P 242 0 R endobj /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> stage 3: Bangladesh 's population has gone through the second stage of the demographic transition. /P 69 0 R In 2001 to 2010, CDR of Bangladesh was also high and negative. In starting of late 1700, death rate of whole world initiated fewer in size because of so many different reasons for example advances in agriculture nomenclature, betterment of health sector in worldwide, amelioration of sanitation system, teenaged society are exist in that time, and growing of older age people etc. /StructParents 0 /FirstChar 32 /S /P >> /P 430 0 R << >> /F4 11 0 R 126 0 obj endobj /K [ 36 ] << Updated on March 27, 2019. /Pg 36 0 R /P 322 0 R /P 195 0 R /S /TR /Pg 3 0 R >> Among the transition stages of demographic transition theory, in the first stage, BR and DR are increasing equally, as a result population growth rate is zero. jakewilson07. /S /TD << >> /K [ 334 0 R ] Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is characterized by a rapid decrease in a country's death rate while the birth rate remains high. >> [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 333 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 << >> endobj /K [ 182 0 R ] The concept of demographic transition has four stages, including the pre-industrial stage, the transition stage, the . While Investments in education, health and << /S /P 382 0 obj /P 407 0 R >> 556 0 444 389 333 556 0 722 0 500 0 0 220 ] /K [ 258 0 R ] >> /Pg 25 0 R 315 0 obj /P 154 0 R /S /TR Among the transition stages of demographic transition theory, in the first stage, BR and DR are increasing equally, as a result population growth rate is zero. In the 4th stage CBR and CDR is very low and population growth is also low. /K [ 420 0 R ] >> /Pg 36 0 R Stage 2: Population Explosion. >> /S /Span /K 58 /P 48 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /Ascent 891 >> << /Descent -250 >> /K [ 274 0 R ] >> /Pg 3 0 R /P 65 0 R endobj << In 2001 to 2010, the CBR of Bangladesh was also high but started decreasing and the decreasing rate is negative. 281 0 obj 373 0 obj In 1983 CBR=35.0, CDR=12.3 and PGR=2.25, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), E-27/A, Agargaon, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh, Department of Social Welfare, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh, You can also search for this author in /K [ 2 ] /P 166 0 R /Pg 36 0 R >> In stage 1 (high stationary) birth rates and death rates are very high. << endobj /P 243 0 R >> /S /TD /LastChar 122 endobj gained from increasing nutrition investments in the Kyrgyz /Pg 3 0 R 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 0 278 833 556 500 endobj /P 181 0 R >> /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R 462 0 obj /F5 16 0 R /S /Sect Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=BD, World Bank, World Development Indicators (2020b) GDP growth rate (annual %) [Data File]. /K [ 452 0 R ] /P 347 0 R In 2005 CBR= 20.7, CDR=5.8 and PGR=1.49, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /K [ 454 0 R ] 125 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R >> /K [ 48 0 R ] /S /TD https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2071-2_4, Mason A, Kinugasa T (2008) East Asian economic development: two demographic dividend. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061674, Khondker BH, Rahman MM (2018) Some estimates of first demographic dividend in Bangladesh: an application of the Bangladesh national transfer account. /K [ 292 0 R ] /K [ 25 ] /Filter /FlateDecode This report provides compelling evidence of the <> endobj endobj 370 0 obj /P 253 0 R /FontDescriptor 6 0 R /K [ 432 0 R ] endobj 503 0 obj developing countries made significant movement toward << 245 0 obj /K [ 91 ] endobj >> /S /TD 69 0 obj The Demographic Transition Model is a model that studies population trends in every country across the globe. /K [ 5 ] What is the Denouement of the story a day in the country? The life cycle consumption model (Bloom et al, 2001 ) suggests that different age groups in a /Registry (Adobe) << >> /S /Span endobj To know the demographic transition stages of Bangladesh, a demographic transition model will be used which has already developed. The World Bank, Washington DC, Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD) (2018) Bangladesh economy in FY2017-18: interim review of macroeconomic performance. /S /TD >> >> /S /P Though the country was likely to benefit from the demographic changes since 1980s, only recently it has made substantial progress in economic growthwhich yet falls short of many countries having similar prospects. 486 0 obj >> 218 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R 176 0 obj /Pg 41 0 R /K [ 222 0 R ] /P 190 0 R /FontFile2 498 0 R << Each and every person suffered from malnutrition and poor health status [7-10]. 148 0 obj Table 5. >> /Leading 33 << << /K [ 60 ] /Pg 3 0 R /S /Span /AIS false Education is also important for women as a result family size will be small and ultimately a decrease in birth rate. /Pg 3 0 R 247 0 obj According to data of Bangladesh (1901-2011), Bangladesh has been followed demographic transition model. Demographers point out some causes to high death rates through deeper analysis such as infant mortality and life expectancy. Africa Development Forum series. >> << >> endobj <> /S /TD >> >> /S /P >> /Pg 36 0 R /CA 1 /Widths 492 0 R >> /Pg 36 0 R /S /P 344 0 obj /K [ 80 ] /K [ 116 ] endobj 99 0 obj endobj /P 473 0 R /Pg 3 0 R 65 0 obj World Dev 35(1):123. << << /SMask /None 111 0 obj << << 118 0 obj /S /Span /Pg 36 0 R /P 430 0 R /FXX2 516 0 R >> >> /S /P /S /TD >> endobj /CA 1 /K [ 86 ] /P 70 0 R endobj /Fields [ ] 308 0 obj /P 358 0 R For some different improvement in different sectors some countries are go into in stage IV especially developed countries i.e, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, most of Europe, Singapore, South Korea, and the U.S. /P 457 0 R >> /K [ 95 0 R 97 0 R 99 0 R 101 0 R 103 0 R 105 0 R ] When education and gender equality are achieved in areas, the faster birth rates decline. endobj /Pg 36 0 R /Type /Catalog endobj In 1986 CBR=34.4, CDR=12.1 and PGR=2.26, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /P 118 0 R 505 0 obj /S /P /CA 1 << /CA 1 /CapHeight 677 endobj /K [ 72 0 R ] << /StemV 40 what type of danger zone is needed for this exercise. 423 0 obj endobj << >> /S /TR >> until the global crisis, a buoyant global economy, many In the third stage, birth rate and death rate are decreasing equally; as a result population growth is also zero. /P 211 0 R To analyze the demographic transition model with respect to Bangladesh at first I use fertility transition, mortality transition and growth rate transition. /P 202 0 R endobj /K [ 302 0 R ] Journal of Social and Economic Development, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-021-00173-x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2009.01106.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2006.12.004, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-009-9039-9, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00157.x, https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0489-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-018-0061-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0245-x, https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2010.547946, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00359.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-016-9174-z, https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2018.1446379, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2071-2_7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.09.002, https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003772034943, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2071-2_4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2008.09.006, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00103.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-017-9283-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-012-9071-y, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26928-0_4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.09.023, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=BD, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=BD, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT?locations=BD, https://databank.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/1ff4a498/Popular-Indicators, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=BD-1W, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR.FE?locations=BD. /Pg 30 0 R https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-012-9071-y, Ogawa N, Chawla A (2009) Some new insights into the demographic transition and changing age structures in the ESCAP Region. 449 0 obj To accommodate this trend, advocacy for the creation of Japan's Digitalization Agency in 2020 was a symbolic turning point. /P 178 0 R /K [ 362 0 R ] endobj A nation moves from Stage 2 to Stage 3 when . /S /P /S /TD 302 0 obj >> /P 473 0 R /P 175 0 R endobj In 2003 CBR=20.9, CDR=5.9 and PGR =1.50, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /P 412 0 R The above information showed that in 1981 to 1990 CDR is slowly decreasing and 1991 to 2000 decreasing rate of CDR is so high and 2001 to 2010 decreasing rate of CBR is negative and 2011 to 2018 decreasing rate of CBR is also slow. endobj /K [ 47 ] 179 0 obj /Author (Aditya Gaur) endobj /K [ 215 0 R 217 0 R 219 0 R 221 0 R 223 0 R 225 0 R ] The World Bank and The United Nations /K [ 270 0 R ] 86 0 R 88 0 R 90 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 96 0 R 98 0 R 100 0 R 102 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R /P 149 0 R 198 0 obj >> << In 2011-2018, the CBR and the CDR and consequently PGR are very slow that means nearly constant and difference is near about zero. /LastChar 122 https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003772034943, Lee R, Mason A (eds) (2011) Population aging and the generational economy: a global perspective. 183 0 obj <> /SMask /None /P 178 0 R /Name /F1 In 2010 CBR=19.2, CDR=5.6 and PGR=1.36, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. << STAGE 3: MODERATE GROWTH RATE. Since the annual growth rate was about 1.4 percent within the period 2001-2011 transition remains incomplete. /MaxWidth 2665 A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? Backed by sound economic policies and 39 terms. >> <> /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman,BoldItalic >> /P 358 0 R >> 427 0 obj /K [ 458 0 R ] Reviewed: 17- Mar-2022, QC No. 58 0 obj /K [ 218 0 R ] >> educational inputs over the years, but the quality of << 190 0 obj In 1998 CBR=19.9, CDR=5.1 and PGR=1.56, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. 283 0 obj 335 0 obj 48 0 obj 458 0 obj endobj Demographic Transition Model. 109 0 obj endobj >> 402 0 obj >> 0 2 . /Pg 3 0 R << endobj << 18 0 obj https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00157.x, Brander JA, Dowrick S (1994) The role of fertility and population in economic growth. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding education, and reliable access to safe water. /Pg 36 0 R endobj /Subtype /TrueType 350 0 R 352 0 R 354 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R 360 0 R 362 0 R 364 0 R 366 0 R 368 0 R 370 0 R 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 ] /SMask /None /Pg 3 0 R >> >> /Pg 3 0 R << And then one country will go existing one stage to next stage because of different causes. /S /P Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED), Paris, Rajan RG, Subramanian A (2008) Aid and growth: What does the cross-country evidence really show? 477 0 obj /K [ 101 ] /S /P << Springer, Singapore. >> 333 0 obj /P 113 0 R >> In stage I BR and DR was high and GR was less than 1% per year. Bangladesh CBR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS. >> The decline in birth rate is dependent on the economic and social factors [12]. >> << /Pg 36 0 R << 369 0 obj << /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 10 ] /P 85 0 R /K [ 336 0 R ] /LastChar 32 Republic. /P 250 0 R >> << << /ItalicAngle -16.4 /S /TD /K [ 89 ] /P 376 0 R >> >> /Metadata 544 0 R Due to economic, social and political permanency some countries are drive into in stage III especially developing countries i.e, Botswana, Colombia, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, South Africa, and the United Arab Emirates. /K [ 39 ] << { O;+Kt DG>?|H=: Q cO~@}',`#C6z##kG'%[xw8^I 248 0 obj /P 214 0 R << << >> /S /TD << /K [ 155 0 R 157 0 R 159 0 R 161 0 R 163 0 R 165 0 R ] Jacqueline_GT. endobj /K [ 150 0 R ] endobj >> Allianz-10.pdf. << endobj /Pg 36 0 R /Type /Page Econ Inq 20(3):426442. 123 0 obj In the third stage, birth rate and death rate are decreasing equally; as a result population growth is also zero. /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman /S /Figure /K [ 45 ] /S /TD endobj /Lang (en-US) /P 297 0 R >> 199 0 obj >> << 298 0 obj 92 0 obj /P 383 0 R 282 0 obj Farid, S., Mostari, M. Population transition and demographic dividend in Bangladesh: extent and policy implication. endobj /P 111 0 R << endobj >> /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 102 ] 9 0 obj /S /LI 340 0 obj 201 0 obj 80 0 obj 225 0 obj /Type /FontDescriptor /P 269 0 R 237 0 obj 232 0 obj 461 0 obj 153 0 obj endobj >> During 1901-2021 Bangladesh lay within stage I. Because of womens entering in every sector such as government job sector, private sector, agriculture sector, political sector, industrialized sector etc. << /S /TD /S /TD In 2011-2018, the CBR and the CDR and consequently population growth rate is very slow that means nearly constant and difference is near about zero. /S /TD /S /P /Pages 543 0 R /K [ 200 0 R ] << endobj 365 0 obj 262 0 obj /K [ 131 0 R 133 0 R 135 0 R 137 0 R 139 0 R 141 0 R ] Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? 161 0 obj endobj /LastChar 124 << << Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model. /P 322 0 R Increasing growth rate as a result of transition from high BR and DR too low BR and DR would constitute greater population in the ending time than starting time [5]. << 12 0 obj >> /Pg 3 0 R /CA 1 /Pg 36 0 R This book addresses these fundamental questions, which are at the heart of development. 414 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R q~m@far;-{vX,S,d+olzDv}vl fMO0Roq@_j{al]v[_\-KhmF5[XTm\~#my;m:0^}*K !nU2/X\{( ,~C37K @h;x\P/a|8^jY;[]oj#C e`E*0o?_z_7COnuZ]&4rJLv_K*xP{a}#$:Vu~bk+]t/m+3OQ@]@lhfkYu65'%SlaQT?&0` >> 436 0 obj << 287 0 obj /P 461 0 R /S /P https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26928-0_4, Sarel M (1995) Demographic dynamics and the empirics of economic growth. >> /K [ 424 0 R ] >> /K [ 318 0 R ] << << endobj /K [ 469 0 R ] >> /S /TD 398 0 obj /S /P 189 0 obj 115 0 obj <> /Type /FontDescriptor /P 480 0 R This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. 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