Neuroscience 1997;78:13-38. Krueger JM, Obl F. A neuronal group theory of sleep function. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as disorganized as such views imply. At the age between 7 and 9 years Foulkes' subjects produced much more consistent narrations of the dream content, as should be expected (24). In both instances sleep evolved according to the phases of synchronized and then of desynchronized sleep, during which eye movements always occurred. 53. However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. Neurosci Conscious. Front Neurol. Narcolepsy. Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. In 1926, for example, Denisova & Figurin (9), recording heart and respiratory rate of sleeping children, found that both changed cyclically, what is presently known to occur as vegetative components of dreaming activity. Problems with Physiological function Theory This does Short periods of desynchronization breaking through theta waves may, therefore, be taken as a manifestation of a very high degree of attention, during attentive wakefulness or during dreaming. 122. Evarts EV. 130. 70. Hernndez-Pen R, Ibarra GC, Morgane PJ, Timo-Iaria C. Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotional behavior. 125. When a dream has a verbal content the tongue, lips and other facial muscles do contract and if the dream is deambulatory several lower limb muscles do contract, expressing the behavior triggered by the imagined walking. Spreng LF, Johnson LC, Lubin A. Autonomic correlates of eye movement bursts during state REM sleep. Electrophysiological manifestations of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep in the rat. Moruzzi G. The sleep-wakefulness cycle. Doneshka P, Kehaiyov A. Psychoanalysis considers dreams as an important window to the unconscious world, what makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and treatment. Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations. The function of dreaming Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. They include facilitation of memory storage, reverse learning, anatomical and functional brain maturation, catecholamine restoration, psychoanalytical (wish fulfilment or otherwise). It i Kuboyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Mikami T, yamaki T, Ueda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;102:125-31. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 120. Perspective of Motor Behavior and its Neural Basis. Stimulus response theory of dream: The stimulus response theory which existed prior to Freud is based upon the associationistic stimulus response view. This theory stresses the relationship between brain changes during sleep and changes in perceptual efficiency. Some disturbing stimuli force activity into one portion of the cerebral cortex. Shiromani PJ, Winston S, McCarley RW. Van de Castle RL. Jouvet M. Programmation gntique itrative et sommeil paradoxal. Consciousness in waking and dreaming: the roles of neuronal oscillation and neuromodulation in determining similarities and differences. In: M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini (eds.) Xu Q, Xie H, Zheng D, Wu X, Zhang Y, Li T, Yan T. J Pers Med. Matsuyama K, Kobaysahi y, Takakusaki M, Mosi S, Kimuta H. Termination mode and branching patterns of reticuloreticular and reticulospinal fibers of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis in the cat: an anterograde PHA-L tracing study. Physiol., Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New york 1972:1-165. Such high values of r may mean that theta waves arrive in such areas almost synchronously, coming from some other sites in the central nervous system. In ancient Greece, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle discussed about the meaning of dreams, concluding that the prevailing mistic and mythic concepts about them were incorrect. Doricchi F, Violani C. Dream recall in brain-damaged patients: a contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review of the literature. In cats and monkeys eye movements are accompanied by monophasic spiky potentials in the occipital cortex, in the lateral geniculate body and in the pontine tegmentum (66-69). Heart rate decreases down to nearly 150 bpm 1 or 2 seconds following the cessation of eye movements. Central activation of autonomic effectors during mental stimulation of motor activity in man. 24. Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. Lucrce. The posterior areas affected in this syndrome are the visual areas V3, V3a and V4 (97). Our data with rats are quite consistent as to the variation of blood pressure and heart rate during oniric activity. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1966;21:562-77. Nucleus reticularis pontis oralis is thought to contain the generator of theta rhythm (78,79) and is known to send direct efferents to the hippocampus and the cerebellar cortex, where we found theta waves that correlate closely with those in the hippocampus (Valle, Kubo, Iwamoto & Timo-Iaria, in preparation for publication). The preferential eye movements direction may be related to the dream content and, perhaps, as such also to hemispheric dominance but it should always be taken into consideration that any movement originated by a dream is always faulty, otherwise we would perform normal behaviors during a dream, what does not happen due to the inhibition of motoneurons. Candia et al. J Neurophysiol 1977;40:284-95. Accessibility 91. During the first half of the twentieth century, despite the heavy influence of psychoanalysis, dreaming was again but sporadically studied scientifically. Hodes R, Dement WC. Table 1 shows the results of some of such studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats. J Neurophysiol 1964;27:152-71. Several theories claim that dreaming is a random by-product of REM sleep physiology and that it does not serve any natural function. In: C. Guilleminaut, W. C. Dement and P. Passouant (eds.) J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab 1991;11:502-7. Brainstem mechanisms of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Studi Psicologici e Clinici di un Alienista. Selective deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found in desynchronized sleep. Regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate in human sleep assessed by positron emission tomography. 78. Physiol Rev 1967;47:117-77. Freuds wish-fulfillment. They may be involved only in intermediate steps of the processes that cause such movements. In humans the electro-oscillograms during desynchronized sleep are expressed as overall cortical desynchronization, whence the adequacy of the name created by Moruzzi, desynchronized sleep. Our experience with eye movements in rats (30-32) and cats (33) shows, however, that eye movements are sometimes asymmetric but in other occasions they tend to be of the scanning kind. Several authors also quantified the kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. In: The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming, Antrobus, J. S. & Bertini, M. If, as an advantage, in humans such manifestations of dreams can be related to their reported content, in non-human animals it is possible to record with a high degree of accuracy not only the motor and the vegetative manifestations of dremaing but the electro-oscillograms of many central structures as well. Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, et al. These findings do not necessarily mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. Noda H, Adey WR. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. According to Hobson, Pace-Schotter & Stickgold (2000), since image studies show activation of "limbic" and "paralimbic" structures of the forebrain during desynchronized sleep, as compared to wakefulness (120,126-128), emotion may be a primary shaper of dream plots, rather than playing a secondary role plot instigation. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. WebDream theories developed by Freud suggest that dreams are psychological, revealing hidden urges, for example. Braz J Med Biol Res 1996;29:1645-50. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. Vertes RP. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). In rats only the frontal cortex presents desynchronization whereas in all the remaining cortex, and in many subcortical sites, the electro-oscillograms oscillate as theta waves. 61. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. Maquet P, Peters JM, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, et al. Foulkes D. Children's dreams. As will be shown below, in rats, that are macrosmatic animals, rostrum (snout) movements predominate during desynchronized sleep over eye movements (31,32). A theory that has many As such, this explanation may be interpreted as a way of doing something that we should never be allowed to do without paying for it. By comparing the program with the peripheral information, that tells it how the behavior is evolving, the cerebellum produces corrections, so that the execution can match the program. Physiol Behav 1972;8:363-71. Ergebn. Clin Chest Med 1985;6:563-75. 10. Some of his statements, hereby reproduced in a simplified form from his book on sleep and dreams, briefly illustrate his contribution to the study of this subject: "All creatures that have four limbs and are sanguine (mammals) display signs that they dream while asleep. Aristotle. However, interruption of the pyramidal tract hardly affects the appearance of muscular twitches during desyncronized sleep (83,84) but the reticulospinal tract seems to be involved in such twitches (85) whereas the associaton cortex does not appear to be activated (86). A theory that has many followers is the one that connects dreams, in particular, desynchronized sleep in general, with memory consolidation. Weed & Halam listed in 1896 (4,7) the proportion of several kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. Recall of dreams is much greater and the report is much more detailed when one is awakened during desynchronized sleep and the stage I of synchronized sleep, right after alpha waves disappear and are replaced by a lower frequency and lower voltage electro-oscillographic pattern (22,23). This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. When they sleep, fishes keep quiet, with no apparent movements, and then they can be easily fished with a hand.". WebHe says the function of dreams is that by reproducing difficult or unsolved life situations or experiences, the dream aids towards a solving or resolution of the problems. Solms M. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. In rats, heart rate is clearly accelerated during the periods of oniric activity, expressed as rostrum+vibrissae, eye, head, ear and limb movements. 17. 127. It is most likely an elementary brain activity in homeotherms and thus, if dreaming has a function, it probably plays a similar role in the human brain and in nonhuman brains as well. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG, PET study. While Freud makes many intuitive J Neurosci 1995;15:3500-8. Brooks DC, Bizzi E. Brain stem electrical activity during deep sleep. Perachio AA. Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R. Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Kohyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Nikami T, yamaki T, Veda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake. 6. 2020 Nov 12;11:565694. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.565694. Another fancy hypothesis is the one that proposes that we dream to forget, in order to delete "unwanted" information by reverse learning or unlearning (118). Behav Brain Res 1997;84:109-16. (36,37) have recorded contraction of the tympanic muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) during human sleep. Pontine cholinergic neurons show fos-like immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. doi: 10.1093/nc/nix009. Bourgin P, Escourrou P, Gaultier C, Adrien J. Erlbaum 1992. Assoc Psychophysiol Stud Sleep. Rostrum movements in desynchronized sleep as a prevalent manifestation of dreaming activity in Wistar rats. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:1008-9. Erlbaum, 1992. The very essence of dreams is, certainly, memorized information. Jouvet (12,119), one of the most important researchers on sleep, suggests that dreaming is "a guardian and programmer of the hereditary part of our personality" and as such it plays a role in our general behavior. (eds.) The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Jouvet M. Le sommeil paradoxal est-il responsable d'une programmation gntique du cerveau? Gottesman C, Gandolfo G, Zernicki B. Advances in Sleep Research, vol. 110. Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. Considering that desynchronization is predominant all over the cortex in humans and in the frontal cortex of both cats and rats, we consider it to be a phylogenetically more recent functional acquisition. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The command character of theta waves is probably the reason why such potentials occur almost simultaneously in different brain structures. Geniculate spike activity in primate sleep and wakefulness. Researchers working on dream usually do not believe that dreaming may occur in non-human animals, probably due to religious and philosophical reasons but also to a great mistake, i.e., that dreaming is a high level mental activity, such as doing mathematics, but it is not. (1991) and Lovblad et al. Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? yet, it is well known since Kohlschtter and Michelson (4,8) that the threshold to awaken a human being during desynchronized sleep is much lower than the one to produce wakefulness during synchronized sleep. Mori S, Matysuyama K, Kohyama J, Kobayashi y, Takakusaki K. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. Braz J Med Biol Res 1992;5:745-50. 51. 25. 108. Kubin L, Davies RO, Pack AI. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. Thermoregulation is impaired in desynchronized sleep (64) but it is unlikely that body temperature changes due to dreaming activity, inasmuch as variations of temperature are slow while dreaming is a fast pace phenomenon. Visual dreams provoke eye movements. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1990;76:388-99. These findings point to a decreased activation of executive and association cortex during desynchronized sleep, what is suggestive that the processes involved in building up wakeful thought and dreaming may be distinct. It should be recalled here that, comparing the dream content in humans with events of the previous day, Calkins found in 1876 that nearly 89% of the reported dreams were closely related to such events. J Neurophysiol 1946;9:165-71. Nature, 2002, submitted. Hansotia P, Broste S, Ruggles K, Wall R, Friske M. Eye movement patterns in REM sleep. J Neurophysiol 1966;29:871-87. Modifications of recurrent discharge of the alpha motoneurons during sleep. The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming. The number of PGO potentials undergoes a high increase after the frontal ablation, which is suggestive of a tonic inhibition of these potentials by the frontal cortex. Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. 114. 59. Human regional cerebral blood flow during rapid eye movement sleep. Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. Green JD, Arduini A. Hippocampal activity in arousal. Dreams are still taken by a majority of the human kind as premonitory, ascribing them the function of telling us that something important will happen. Doneshka & Kehaiyov (1978) reported dreams with striking vestibular sensations. "Insects are also creatures that do sleep, so much so that they can be seen resting with no movements whatsoever. This author "thus proposes a psychoanalytical model of dreaming, in which dreams constitute a way of representing the individual's inner world with internal objects related with one another and with the self" (135). Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. The authors suggest that such a disturbance of reproduction occurs because desynchronized sleep (and consequently dreaming) was prevented to occur normally in infancy but the functional meaning of this interesting phenomenon. Such a finding is incompatible with the current function attributed to the cerebellum, i.e., only correction of movements. Front Neurol. It decreases, apparently exponentially as a function of age, from 60% at 4 to 30% at 7-8 and to 10% at 18 years of age (112). 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