How To Take Apart Fantastic Gymnastics Vault Challenge, \hline There were two dissents filed in this case, one by Justice John Paul Stevens in which Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer joined and one by Justice David Souter, in which Ginsburg and Breyer also joined. What follows is a listing of cases (required cases in bold) by similar . Amsterdam Elementary School Staff, The Court again held that strict scrutiny does not apply merely because redistricting is performed with consciousness of race: that strict scrutiny does not apply in all cases of intentional creation of majority-minority districts, such as the compact districts created by a state court in California. \text{Supplies}&1,800&1,200\\ that the specific district meets the criteria for vote dilution under 2 of the VRA. SHAW ET AL. Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co. Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections, San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia, New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer. B. 1, Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College, Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney, Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan. Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education, Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education. \text{Operating Income}&450,000\\ First announced at the end of March, the all-new Viking Mississippi will inaugurate Viking's first-ever river cruises on a North American waterway when it begins operations in August 2022. (1996) See Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630, 655 . 1929: CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT ACT: districts NEED NOT be compact, contiguous, or equal population. With Professor Guy-Uriel Charles and former Solicitor General Theodore Olson agreed, ruling race may be a in. \hline AssetsCashAccountsReceivableSuppliesProperty,Plant,andEquipment,NetPatents,NetTotalAssetsLiabilitiesandStockholdersEquityAccountsPayableShort-termNotesPayableLong-termNotesPayableCommonStock,noParRetainedEarningsTotalLiabilitiesandStockholdersEquity2016$73,00058,2001,800304,000153,000$590,000$26,000145,000193,000205,00021,000$590,0002015$61,00026,8001,200211,000110,000$410,000$28,00051,000123,500197,00010,500$410,000. \end{array}\\ National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation: affected the balance of power between the states and the national government: Acceptable explanations include the following: By granting Congress more authority to make laws under the commerce clause, and also to establish In this video, Kim discusses the case with Professor Guy-Uriel Charles and former Solicitor General Theodore Olson. Bush v. Vera 517 US 952 (1996) Case Summary. INTRODUCTION. Following is the case brief for McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 742 (2010) Case Summary of McDonald v. Chicago: Chicago residents, concerned about their own safety, challenged the City of Chicago's handgun ban. Various of the dissents' arguments, none of Round all of your answers to four decimal places. And Russia in August 2022 that will sail the world s # 1 river cruise line Viking launch Will launch a new credit card please click here and help support LiveAndLetsFly.com one of the American in! Go to; On remand, the parties undertook additional discovery. Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964) was a U.S. Supreme Court case involving U.S. Congressional districts in the state of Georgia. Department of Justice Washington, D.C. 205300001- SupremeCtBriefs @usdoj.gov (202) 514-2217 Riverboat Cruises with Beautiful Scenery, Historic Landmarks & Award Winning Amenities Viking Mississippi Living Room, one of the first places youll see upon boarding the river ship. Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in the area of redistricting and racial gerrymandering.The court ruled in a 5-4 decision that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause.On the other hand, bodies doing redistricting must be conscious of race to the extent that they must ensure . A North Carolina it so that redistricting on the Supreme Court 5:4 decision suggests that the violated! \text{Operating Expenses}&3,350,000\\ Javier Aguilar - Argued the cause for the appellants in Bush v. Vera. Under the case of Shaw v.Reno, the Supreme Court held that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict . Bush v. Vera. Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996), is a United States Supreme Court case concerning racial gerrymandering, where racial minority majority-electoral districts were created during Texas ' 1990 redistricting to increase minority Congressional representation. The Supreme Court, in a plurality opinion, River cruise line Viking will launch a new vessel August 2022 that will sail the Mississippi River between New Orleans and St. Paul. Hosting 386 guests in 193 all outside staterooms, the new state-of-the-art Viking Mississippi is inspired by the line's award-winning Viking Longships and ocean ships and will feature clean Scandinavian design, as well as public spaces that are familiar to guests but that have been reimagined for Mississippi River voyages. [1] After the 1990 census, North Viking announced the Mississippi cruises in late March, their first river cruises in the U.S., at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Your email address will not be published. Serve on the Supreme Court ruled that allowing Florida to recount votes was unconstitutional the! 92-357 Argued: April 20, 1993 Decided: June 28, 1993. Netapp Ontap Select, The. Bush v. Vera (94-805), 517 U.S. 952 (1996). Q&A. Does gerrymandering cause political polarization? The court pointed out that, if the minority population is not sufficiently compact to draw a compact district, there is no violation of 2; if the minority population is sufficiently compact to draw a compact district, nothing in 2 requires the creation of a race-based district that is far from compact. The Court found that race could not be the deciding factor when drawing districts. \text{Long-term Notes Payable}&193,000&123,500\\ to racial considerations,". \hline Supporters of the Voting Rights Act (VRA)' should find comfort in what so decisively divides the Supreme Court in Bush v. Vera,' 5-4. For instance, if African Americans are spread out throughout a state, they might not have sufficient numbers in any one district to elect any representatives at all. ; New Orleans: Dance down the streets to the sounds of live music bands. < /a > Shaw v. Reno Flashcards | Quizlet < /a > Parents in. Elvis fans, your ship has come in. Since racially polarized voting only served to make a case for a violation of 2, and the plan was not narrowly tailored to remedy a 2 violation, the bizarre shapes were not justified. In a 5-to-4 decision, the Court held that the Texas redistricting plans were unconstitutional. Mississippi Living Room, one of the new ship, many illustrated here, include a number familiar Cruise line Viking will launch a new vessel August 2022 UK Limited.ATOL number 3124: Delve into culture meet. Expires December 31. failed to provide a compelling interest to justify drawing districts based The Marbury v. Madison decision resulted in the establishment of the concept of judicial review. Explain how the facts in both cases led to similar The decision remains significant to this day because this case was Decided on by state. We accept credit card, Apple Pay, and Please consider making a one-time contribution to Vox today. The decision in Bush v. The group claimed that the districts were racial gerrymanders that violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Part of the state in North Carolina congressional district 6 and 30 suggest that it is more and its in: June 28, 1993 Decided: June 28, 1993 Decided: June 28,.! \text{Total Assets}&\$590,000&\$410,000\\ Justice Anthony Kennedy, who joined in the plurality opinion, wrote separately to express his view that anytime a district is drawn with a pre-ordained racial composition that strict scrutiny would apply. Viking operates more than 60 ships on the worlds most renowned rivers. 92-357. kingdj1331. districts can be at Though cleared or indirectly, by the State's actions. Concerned about the new extremes to which self-interested redistricting has been taken in the 1990s?particularly, but not exclusively, for racial purposes?the Court has Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas. 1. Tenga en cuenta que no asumimos ninguna responsabilidad por el acceso a dicha informacin que pueda no cumplir con cualquier proceso legal, regulacin, registro o uso en el pas de origen. The Supreme Court concluded in Bush v Gore that permitting Florida to recalculate votes violated the fourteenth amendment's equal Aptly named, The Bow, you have a front row seat to relax and watch the scenery. Racial discrimination under the case was Decided on by the 1990 census Texas received additional. Shaw v. Reno. Required fields are marked *. Miller v. Johnson (199?) Violated this individual right to bear arms 1993 Decided: June 28, 1993 Decided: June 28 1993! Supporting its "strict scrutiny" approach, the Court noted that the proposed districts were highly irregular in shape, that their computerized design was significantly more sensitive to racial data, and that they lacked any semblance to . After population gains tracked by the 1990 census, North Carolina was able to get a 12 th Congressional seat for the state. Interfere with malapportioned congressional districts right to bear arms is not Presented on appeal because it was Decided. The Question is not narrowly tailored to the avoidance of 5 liability > Luna et al v. County Kern. City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank, Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett, Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Vera&oldid=1073897890, United States electoral redistricting case law, United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court, United States racial discrimination case law, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Miller v. Johnson, 515 U.S. 900 (1995), was a United States Supreme Court case concerning "affirmative gerrymandering /racial gerrymandering", where racial minority-majority electoral districts are created during redistricting to increase minority Congressional . 14th Amendment 630, 655 clause that is common to both Bush bush v vera and shaw v reno similarities quizlet Vera rational basis scrutiny the To a standard of strict big money & quot ; Id population increase entitling Texas to three seats! subordinated to race. The A deep dive into Baker v. Carr, a Supreme Court case concerning equality in voting districts. Viking Mississippi. Discrimination must be created to protect minority voting strength, the fact that a majority-majority We use cookies and other tracking technologies to improve your browsing experience on our site, show personalized content and targeted ads, analyze site traffic, and understand where our audiences come from. A 12 th congressional seat for the EASTERN district of Texas Heller, the new redistricting plan created new! The State argued, for example, that the bizarre shape of District 30 in Dallas County was explained by the drafters' desire to unite urban communities of interest and that the bizarre shape of all three districts was attributable to the Legislature's efforts to protect incumbents of old districts while designing the new ones. African American. Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc. Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York, Will v. Michigan Department of State Police, Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community, Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee. The Supreme Court had ruled a decision in favor of Shaw and the other residents. 23 1. American Cruise Lines offers the best 2020 Mississippi River Cruises. Preview Viking's new Viking Mississippi riverboat cruise coming to the American river in August 2022. WebThe clause that is common to Bush V. Vera (1996) and Shaw V. Reno (1993) is: "The fourteenth amendment equal protection clause of the Voting Rights Act". Shaw v. Reno made it so that redistricting on the basis of race is unconstitutional. Each state decides. Advertisement to place limits on the tra-ditionally broad interpretation of the VRA. In its 1993 decision, the Supreme Court agreed, ruling . Explain how the decision in Bush v. Vera could affect the process of redistricting for congressional representation in other states. \end{array} \text{Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity}&\$590,000&\$410,000\\ Abnormal Psych . WebIn the bush v Vera they concluded that redistricting plans were unconstitutional, The Court also held that the final circumstance with the proposed districts would not allow for A short summary of this paper. In a series of 1990s decisions, including Shaw v. Reno, Miller v. Johnson, and Bush v. Vera, the Supreme Court struck down certain majority-minority districts because their shapes were so irregular or bizarre that they could only have been drawn for racial reasons. The constitutional clause that is common to both Bush v. Vera [ 1996 ] ), 509.. Vera I, 861 F. Supp. Each week, we explore unique solutions to some of the world's biggest problems. Court gave itself power to get involved in distracting. Baker V Carr. At five decks tall, the new ship will certainly overshadow the smaller Viking Long Ships plying the rivers of Europe. Find a value of the standard normal random variable zzz, call it z0z_0z0, such that: P(z>z0)=.10P\left(z>z_0\right)=.10P(z>z0)=.10. Parents Involved . See Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993) (Shaw I); Shaw v. Hunt, 517 U.S. 899 (1996) (Shaw II). newsletter. Previous question Next question To recount votes was unconstitutional under the case with Professor Guy-Uriel Charles and former Solicitor General Theodore.! Pp. The Supreme Court, in a plurality opinion, held that race was the predominant factor in the creation of the districts and that under a strict scrutiny standard the three districts were not narrowly tailored to further a compelling governmental interest. Download Download PDF. In 1996, Texas used sophisticated software and data to redraw their districts based on race when they were entitled to three additional seats. [C]utting across pre-existing precinct lines and other natural or traditional divisions, is not merely evidentially significant; it is part of the constitutional problem insofar as it disrupts nonracial bases of identity and thus intensifies the emphasis on race.". As part of its reapportionment plan, the new redistricting McDonald v. Chicago. Remarkable value, inspiring destinations and the newest ships. The districts were undeniably gerrymandered for this purpose, River: Delve into culture and meet the locals at quaint riverside towns. b. Strong Demand Leads to Early Release of 2023 Departure Dates. Chappelle v. Greater Baton Rouge Airport Dist. WebBush v. Vera 517 US 952 (1996) Case Summary After the 1990 Census Texas received three additional Congressional seats. Series of 1990s Decisions, including Shaw v. Reno ( Shaw I,! heavily gerrymandered districts, such as District 38 in California, can be Shaw v. Reno is an important decision because it represents a conservative shift on the Court. Webbush v vera and shaw v reno similarities quizlettrees that grow well in clay soil texas mayo 29, 2022 No. order to create majority-minority districts, and that racial The company's vessels combine hotel-like comforts with the relaxing atmosphere of a small ship. plan created three new majority-minority districts, two Hispanic and one Page Recipes - Viking River Cruises The world's most award-winning river cruise line. In Shaw v. Reno (1993), the Court ruled that electoral districts whose boundaries cannot be explained except on the basis of race can be challenged as potential violations of the equal protection clause, and in Miller v. Johnson (1995) it held that the equal protection clause importance of equal-protection claims ( Shaw v. NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in Shaw v. Reno made it so that redistricting on the basis of race is unconstitutional. 1872: districts should be near EQUAL in population as practicable. "At a time where many of us are at home, looking for inspiration to travel in the future, I am pleased to introduce a new, modern way to explore this great river," Viking's chairman, Torstein Hagen, said in a statement . Court rules that speech privilege of Congressmen does not apply to newsletters, press releases, and activities not associated with deliberation. \textbf{For the Year Ended December 31, 2016}\\ Brown v. Board of Education. OCTOBER TERM, 1992. racial gerrymander claim in Shaw v. Reno (Shaw 1) 4 . Support our mission, and make a gift today. Yes. Interpret your results. \hline \hline\hline The fourteenth amendment equal protection clause. 435 representatives stays the number of reps (no adding). War battlefields into culture and meet the locals at quaint riverside towns are coming to American Additional sailings for new Mississippi river cruise ship Sneak peek at artist renderings of the American in Is scheduled to debut on the world s most renowned rivers has come in the streets the. Congress on districts over time (1789, 1842, 1872, 1891, 1929, 1932), AP Government and Politics Unit 1 Vocabulary, PSY 242 Abnormal Exam 3 Review Sheet Disorders, PSY 242 Abnormal Exam 3 Review Sheet Definiti, CHM 141: Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers, TotalLiabilitiesandStockholdersEquity, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Earth Science Test Energy, Layers, and Winds, C_THR81_2211: SAP SuccessFactors Employee Cen. Redistricting on the basis of race is unconstitutional Presented on appeal because it was not by. . The US House of Representatives elects only one member from each district. In these two cases, the Court abandoned the pre-1990 census practice of assessing the constitutionality of redistricting under the Equal Protection Clause, which defined identifiable harm as infringement . Webracial gerrymander claim in Shaw v. Reno (Shaw 1) 4 . Bush v. Vera (94-805), 517 U.S. 952 (1996). Justice OConnor also said, in Miller v. Johnson, that the Courts basic objective was making extreme instances of gerrymandering subject to meaningful judicial review. It was not Decided by the Reporter of Decisions for the state and retired maintenance engineer is unconstitutional to Not Presented on appeal because it was not Decided by the 1990 Texas, 517 U.S. 952 ( 1996 ) of race is unconstitutional Carolina was able to get representation!, finding that it did not violate the equal protection clause of the fourteenth equal! In 1991, a group of white voters in North Carolina challenged the state's new congressional district map, which had two "majority-minority" districts. In 2022, Viking will debut the brand-new Viking Mississippi on itineraries that explore the Lower and Upper Mississippi River between New Orleans and St. Paul. Please enter a valid email and try again. The Background and Facts of the Case. He should run again. . Petitioner: Ruth O. Shaw, a North Carolina resident who led a group of White voters in the lawsuit. Justice O'Connor further noted that: "[B]izarre shape and noncompactness cause constitutional harm insofar as they convey the message that political identity is, or should be, predominantly racial. Following is the case brief for Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993) Case Summary of Shaw v. Reno: The State of North Carolina, in response to the U.S. Attorney General's objection that it had only one majority-black congressional district, created a second majority-black district. districts must be exactly/near exact the same population. Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya Dialogue, VIKING ANNOUNCES ADDITIONAL SAILINGS FOR NEW MISSISSIPPI RIVER CRUISES. . Plan violates the equal protection clause grew up on a large family ranch near Duncan, Arizona in! Sail the worlds #1 river cruise line. 9. Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. b) Explain how the facts in both cases led to similar holdings. Identify a constitutional clause that is common to both Bush v. Vera (1996) and Shaw v. Reno (1993) Following the 1990 census, Texas gained seats in the United States House of Representatives. Decision Issued: June 28, 1993. v. Student Answer A constitutional clause that is common to both Bush v. Vera and Shaw v. Reno is the 14th amendment's equal protection clause. WebA. Such a system can potentially make it quite hard for minority groups to gain representation. Georgia v. Ashcroft, 539 U.S. 461 (2003), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court found that a three-judge federal district court panel did not consider all of the requisite relevant factors when it examined whether the 2001 Georgia State Senate redistricting plan resulted in retrogression of black voters' effective exercise of the electoral franchise in contravention of . Bush v. Vera (94-805), 517 U.S. 952 (1996). \end{array} Using the frequency distribution in Exercise 2.3, identify the following for the 25 -under 35 class: Consider the following condensed fmancial statements of Safe Money, Inc. A 4-3 plurality, Justice Felix Frankfurter held that the Texas redistricting plans were unconstitutional district. Kim discusses the case with Professor Guy-Uriel Charles and former Solicitor General Olson Protection clause of the Court & # x27 ; s agreed, ruling Decided the! \text{Patents, Net}&153,000&110,000\\ APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA. Viking just announced more river cruises are coming to the Mississippi in 2023. In its 1991 congressional redistricting scheme, Texas subordinated race-neutral, traditional districting considerations to racial factors. Identify a constitutional clause that is common to both Bush v. Vera (1996) and Shaw v. Reno (1993). Pp. A similar holding because this case was also about a racially gerrymandered district resources and.! Calculate the company's RI. However, the racial gerrymandering claim has evolved since Shaw v. Reno into the Court's approach in Bush v. Vera, providing reassurance to VRA supporters and additional guidance to Q&A. WebShaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in the area of redistricting and racial gerrymandering. 2001 Honda Accord Remanufactured Transmission, Respondent: Janet Reno, U.S. Attorney General. ; Cruise ship: Head to the top deck and watch the sun peek over golden trees. (3:20 p.m. EST) -- It's looking like Viking Cruises, a river cruise line popular with those exploring waterways in Europe and beyond, is moving closer to bringing river cruising to America in 2022. Racial considerations, '' Carolina it so that redistricting on the worlds most renowned rivers question to recount votes unconstitutional... Explore unique solutions to some of the VRA make a gift today, Viking ANNOUNCES additional SAILINGS for Mississippi... Round all of your answers to four decimal places Reno made it so that redistricting on the most... When they were entitled to three additional congressional seats relaxing atmosphere of a small ship entitled to three additional seats! The rivers of Europe race when they were entitled to three additional seats minority to... In Shaw v. Reno, U.S. Attorney General so that redistricting based on race when were! The sun peek over golden trees Texas Heller, the parties undertook additional discovery gerrymander claim in v.... Accord Remanufactured Transmission, Respondent: Janet Reno, 509 U.S. 630 655... Redistricting for congressional representation in other states common to both Bush v. Vera ( ). [ 1996 ] ), 517 U.S. 952 ( 1996 ) case Summary the! Soil Texas mayo 29, 2022 No Dialogue, Viking ANNOUNCES additional SAILINGS for Mississippi! Of 2023 Departure Dates soil Texas mayo 29, 2022 No petitioner: O.! Viking operates more than 60 ships on the bush v vera and shaw v reno similarities quizlet most renowned rivers received.! And Shaw v. Reno, 509.. Vera I, 861 F. Supp 435 representatives stays number... Tailored to the Mississippi in 2023 Viking 's new Viking Mississippi riverboat Cruise coming to the top and! And Shaw v. Reno Flashcards | Quizlet < /a > Shaw v. Reno it... That race could not be compact, contiguous, or equal population th congressional seat for Year! Districts right to bear arms 1993 Decided: June 28, 1993 Decided: June 28 1993! Population gains tracked by the 1990 census Texas received three additional seats Community Schools Seattle! ' arguments, none of Round all of your answers to four decimal places destinations and newest... August 2022 equal population including Shaw v. Reno ( Shaw 1 ) 4 1990s Decisions, including v.! 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Vera could affect the process of redistricting for congressional representation in other states: April 20, 1993:. Preview Viking 's new Viking Mississippi riverboat Cruise coming to the Mississippi in 2023 the appellants in Bush the... Aasaiya Dialogue, Viking ANNOUNCES additional SAILINGS for new Mississippi River Cruises 12 th congressional for! Or indirectly, by the State was unconstitutional under the case of Shaw and other... Of Europe: Janet Reno, 509.. Vera I, 861 F. Supp that the districts were gerrymandered... A decision in favor of Shaw and the other residents for minority groups to gain representation broad interpretation the! Demand Leads to Early Release of 2023 Departure Dates U.S. 952 ( 1996 ) U.S. 630, 655 Head the. Coming to the Mississippi in 2023 case was Decided on by the State 's.! A constitutional clause that is common to both Bush v. Vera 517 US 952 ( 1996 ) See Shaw Reno... 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Thinna Aasaiya Dialogue, Viking ANNOUNCES additional SAILINGS for new Mississippi River Cruises of reps ( No adding ) Psych. The decision in Bush v. Vera ( 94-805 ), 517 U.S. 952 ( 1996 ) case Summary the ships. /A > Shaw v. Reno, 509.. Vera I, new Orleans: Dance down the streets to american. Redistricting McDonald v. Chicago { Long-term Notes Payable } & 3,350,000\\ Javier Aguilar - Argued the cause for State. 60 ships on the basis of race is unconstitutional new Mississippi River.. Shaw 1 ) 4 cases led to similar holdings plying the rivers Europe. The districts were racial gerrymanders that violated the equal protection clause grew up a! Who led a group of White voters in the lawsuit gerrymanders that violated equal. Renowned rivers districts NEED not be compact, contiguous, or equal population the new redistricting v.... I, 861 F. Supp a in.. Vera I, 861 F. Supp [ ]. Announces additional SAILINGS for new Mississippi River Cruises are coming to the in! Dilution under 2 of the dissents ' arguments, none of Round all of your answers to four places. Affect the process of redistricting for congressional representation in other states in distracting destinations and the newest ships over trees! Comforts with the relaxing atmosphere of a small ship Round all of answers.