From Ifugao to Kalinga: A Ride through the Mountains of Northern Luzon. The Music of a Kalinga Peace-Pact Celebration: Making Place through the Soundscape. Ethnomusicology Masters Theses, Paper 1. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/ethno_master/1. Philippine Daily Inquirer / 02:49 AM February 18, 2015. Courageous warriors were known as maalmot (brave warrior) or mingol (one who has killed many). The taggitag are heard in big ritual celebrations played exclusively by men, whereas the tongatong are played by women in smaller rites for harvest and curing. The Kalingas have a tight-knit family and treat elders with high respect. 1981. Objects like a piece of the sugaga tree bark and the tooth of a dog, crocodile, or ferret fox prevent Ngilin from smelling the fetus. The Kalinga weavers, particularly in the upper Kalinga area, put textures on the striped bands using twill-weave technique. Quezon City: GCF Books. The southern Kalinga are predominantly wet rice cultivators while the northern Kalinga are dry rice farmers. The Kalinga continue to actively preserve their musical heritage despite social changes. The main purpose of the bahag is to cover the private parts. Gisi, the traditional tattoo instrument, is made from buffalo horn, with gambang or steel needles on the tip. To the tune of the salidummay, they sing about themselves and their village, for example (Stallsmith 2007): (We are coming to listen to the Sumadel peace pact, If there is a big case, lets not be surprised, This our sticky rice, we from lower Mangali. Prayers are seldom addressed to Kabunyan because he is believed to have withdrawn his dominion over his creation. By: Rina Jimenez-David - @inquirerdotnet. The Kalinga are famous for their handwoven textiles, jewelry made of colored beads and shells, and metalwork like spears and knives. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. The pattong salip is a festival dance in which men and women form two circles, the women staying in the inner circle. [6], Tattoos among the Kalinga are known as batok or batek (whatok in Butbut Kalinga). A modern feature is a master of ceremonies who calls guests of honor to make speeches and then organizes group games. At festive gatherings, particularly peace pacts and wedding celebrations, the tadok is danced by a pair of male and female dancers to the music of the gangsa topayya. San Francisco, CA: The Last Gasp of San Francisco. As they do so, they play a lighthearted tune called the damilut on their saggaypo pipes. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 . The souls of the dead are said to enter the skyworld, where a special zone is reserved for them. Many economic activities of the Kalinga are tied with cooperatives. Quezon City: NCCA. Almost 45 hectares of fishponds and 2.29 hectares of tilapia fish hatcheries are found across the province. The standard-sized ittoyom has generally been replaced by the commercial kaldero (metal pot), but the large-sized ittoyom called lallangan continues to be used for communal celebrations and for basi (wine) fermentation. They have chosen locations close to rivers and streams to have access to free and clear waters. ed. Email cheloofbw@gmail.com to sign up today. In southern Kalinga, the bungkaka are sounded to drive evil spirits away as people travel in the mountains. However, irrigated rice farming, which is a more recent development in Kalinga agriculture, has fewer rituals associated with it than with swidden farming. 2014. Handbook of Philippine Language Groups. Prudente, Felicidad A. In the Philippines, tattooing was a common practice among the major warrior groups of the Cordillera, which include the Kalinga, the indigenous people from Kalinga province. The women in the north paint their faces red. The tradition of fighting is likewise evident in Kalinga dance. The very fine, split-rattan weaves forming the weft uniformly rise on the sides. He was responsible for the establishment of the Lubuagan branch of the National Museum, which is housed in the former provincial capitol building. For centuries, the Kalingas have been practicing body art and have kept it as a staple of their rich Filipino tradition. . Ikat is done by resist dyeing sections of the yarns prior to weaving the fabric. The fabric of our history. The people discovered he was Kabunyan who had come down to earth. Dress and Adornment in the Mountain Province of Luzon Philippine Islands. Catholic Anthropological Conference 1 (5): 181-244. These same designs also appear on lime containers and textiles. In Kalinga weaving symbolism, the sky and ground are represented by the colours indigo and red respectively. For earrings, they embed the earlobes with rings made of black horn. Upon death, sacrifices are also made in honour of the spirit of the dead and kolias is celebrated after one year of mourning period. Warp ikat, weft ikat, and double ikat are three different types of Ikat weaving. Thus, such territorial change resulted in the five sub-provinces: Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Apayao. He told her to meet him on Mount Patokan, midway between Dakalan and Tonglayan. The priestess (manganito, mandadawak, or mangalisig) communicate with these spirits.[6]. 2013-07-14 13:42:11. They observe a yearlong mourning, during which the closest relatives of the deceased are forbidden from eating certain kinds of food. This pottery art has a few distinctive features, one of which is its unique geometric motifs. Carabaos, pigs, and chicken are often used for rituals. Although a civil government was established in the mountainous areas, the revolutionary government neglected the highlands, since efforts were concentrated in setting up a strong and effective leadership in the lowlands. In 2009, Tabuk City received the Galing Pook Award for its innovative and successful peace-and-order program through its Matagoan Bodong Consultative Council (MBCC). To resolve conflicts or disputes within a village, several pangat may act as negotiators or intermediaries. Having tattoos decorated on their bodies is a sign of strength and beauty. On 14 February 1995, Republic Act 7878 separated Kalinga and Apayao into regular provinces. The People and Art of the Philippines. Kalinga is represented in the House of Representatives by one representative. In the second act, the mediums call the alupag, which are spirits that speak through mediums during sances. Gold was the main objective of Spanish incursions into Igorot land. De los Reyes, Angelo, and Aloma de los Reyes, eds. What is the similarities of kalinga textile? On the second day, eight Mangali women, each representing her village, walk up to the makeshift stage bearing a basket of dekot (sticky rice cake) on their head. 2011. After he dies, his wife and sister refuse to come near his decomposing corpse, as represented by the lower hind leg of a pig tied to a stick. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. The suggiyaw is a rice harvest song; dandan-ag, a funeral song; goygoy, a lullaby; tugom, a rice-pounding song; iwwayat, a debating song; and the dagdag-ay, a nostalgia song. Atom The Buntuk Origin Myth: Explorations in Buaya Mythology. The Cordillera Review 2 (1). They have grain containers made from hardwood, rice stalk harvesters made of carabao horn and iron, and digging sticks designed for planting rice. Created in 2003 as the Matagoan Bodong Council (MBC), the MBCC is composed of the city mayor as head, and dozens of male and female elders and leaders coming from the nine culture groups of Tabuk and representatives of the six municipalities. In traditional Kalinga society, the main reason for divorce is lack of children, but in rare cases, a man divorces a wife because of her rude behavior to his guests. It is instituted to end war among them; to establish peace and security for trade, travel, and commerce; to ensure justice when crime is committed; and to establish alliances. Farming is their main source of livelihood, as the province has a rugged and mountainous topography. Men with mistresses belonged to the wealthy class, whereas mistresses came from poor families. Carabaos continue to be used in farms, especially in the highlands, although in the flatlands of Kalinga, hand tractors are predominantly used. The former cultivate two crops of rice in the payaw (terraced rice fields). 2014. They also carry a rattan backpack (pasiking) and betel nut bag (buyo). The rice terraces are irrigated by a common stream or spring. Garming, Maximo. The ullalim, as a musical form, is not restricted only to the chanting of adventure stories about epic heroes. It is classified as a third-class province according to income. Coconut, bananas, coffee, and fruit trees are typically grown by the Kalingas while they plant sugarcane to turn into wine or basi. The dead is buried near the house, the granary, or rice fields. Long ago, according to this legend, a handsome stranger with two dogs arrived at Dacalan. Until recently Kalinga people could be identified from a . Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Folklorists Inc. Fry, Howard T. 2006. Sharp-crested interlinking mountain peaks, steep slopes, isolated . Philippine Folk Literature. Salvador-Amores, Analyn V. 2013. On occasion, a tadok competition might be held among the bodong participants, with the host offering an award. The melodies and storylines vary in each region. Other customary wealth indicators are livestock used in sacrifice and heirlooms like Chinese jars, plates, gongs, and beads. Health measures like vaccinations and medicines were enforced. The 1998 Bodong Congress in Tabuk adopted a new one or proto-pagta. The pattong salip is also performed during wedding feasts, with all the wedding guests collectively wishing the newlyweds happiness as a ring of men encloses the inner circle of women, who simply turn in their places (Orosa-Goquingco 1980). Walls are made of pinewood. In the 1920s, Amburayan and large areas of Lepanto and Benguet became part of La Union and Ilocos Sur, and other portions were added to Bontoc. The fourth element is seen by the intertribal pacts entered into by the Kalinga. Sometimes, this wrapping has a different color to serve as decorative contrast. Back in the day, women also had no upper clothing but due to the influence of the times, the blouses are worn by the Kalinga women now. Along with fruit and rice wines, these coffee products are slowly finding their way to national and even international markets. Textile art may be a rug, a wall hanging, an item of clothing, or even a sculpture made with fabric. Wealthy families in the past lived in octagonally shaped houses called binayon or finaryon. When only the vertical yarn, the warp, is tied-dyed for weaving, it's known as warp Ikat. 2014. Several small lakes can also be found in the Kalinga. The last has been made famous by the dance in which water pots in graduated sizes are placed on top of one after another and carried on the head by Kalinga women. Although boys and girls are treated equally, sons are still considered more important because in the past, men fought against the enemy tribes. During the violent death of a warrior, all the males in the community get sounding sticks called bangibang, which they beat together as they jig toward a spot where future action might be decided upon (Orosa-Goquingco 1980). Textiles are very important in the lives of the . If it is a letter, I do not know how to read. As such, the name is considered a misnomer, since it has no geographic or ethnic basis. They are among the best known Cordilleran tattoos due to the popularity of Apo Whang-od - once known as the "last mambabatok (tattoo artist)", but currently teaching younger artists to continue the tradition. The territory of the Kalinga used to be the southern half of the province of Kalinga-Apayao. A six-gong topayya ensemble consists of baba or balbal, referring to the largest and lowest-pitched gong; sobat or solbat; katlu (third); kapat (fourth); umut; and anungus, which is the highest-pitched gong. For earrings, they wear the same types used by the southern Kalinga. (This envelope can contain only one of two thingsa letter or money. Traditionally, the Kalinga acquired leadership based on formidable headhunting record, oratorical ability, and power to influence opinions. 1929. She sleeps with Banna, but in the middle of the night Dungdungan arrives at Laggunawas house to assert his rights over Laggunawa because he has paid the bride-price. Appukedt ulas kun bilass leng misansancheg si, (Guess, my sugarcane like the pine tree, leaning on. Province in the south, and Abra in the West. The upper western half of Kalinga has a dry season from January to April and a wet season from May to September. Bula-at, Leticia. On 15 July 1987, President Corazon C. Aquino signed Executive Order 220, forming what is now known as the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) with its six provinces. They try to resolve contradictions amicably, and no action or penalties are imposed that have not been agreed on. Potters coat their products, which they describe as smooth, bright, shiny, and beautiful (Stark 1993, 164), with pula (red ocher) to give these a violet hue. The Flight and Wanderings of Emilio Aguinaldo, From His Abandonment of Bayombong until His Capture at Palanan: A Diary. 1984. They have no upper garments except the blanket, which is rarely worn. The families exchanged gifts and held a premarriage feast, in which the barat or ballong (southern Kalinga) or the kiling or kalon (northern Kalinga), was given by the boys parents to the girls. Here, the Pasil potters encountered newly arrived Kalinga weavers who advised them to add ocher designs similar to those on Kalinga woven textile. Of the three epics, however, only the ullalim continues to be sung. The kullitong has a repertoire of solo pieces, in addition to its popular use in imitating the sounds of the flat-gong ensemble. Pangsiw, Frederick. Its artists, including a director, designer, choreographer, and musician, traveled to Lubuagan for research and to interact with the community, learning Kalinga songs, dances, rituals, and philosophical visions in the process. It conducts workshops for the Cordillera youth and takes performances abroad to educate its foreign audiences. Simultaneously they strafed and set fire to the house of Pedro Dungoc, Macli-ing Dulags neighbor and spokesperson who had also written the pagta (law) for the bodong that unified the Cordillera elders against the dam. History on the Cordillera. Everyone must ask these spirits for permission before taking anything from nature, and they must also thank these spirits afterward. Other Kalinga structures are the alang (granary) and the sigay (resting shed in the fields). The northern Kalinga people call their epic the gassumbi, with a hero named Gawan. The yarns are then dyed. Red, for instance, symbolizes bravery while black represents the earth or the ground. This is a modern reproduction of the traditional striped Gaddang textiles embroidered with small white beads. Going out topless for them before was not indecent as that was part of their culture for centuries. Recently, Kalinga was put on the global map when Whang Od of the Butbut culture group was featured as the last Kalinga tattoo artist in the television series Tattoo Hunter (Krutak 2010). A History of the Mountain Province, rev. Dagdagas (mistresses) used to be accepted in Kalinga society, with parental consent. Baguio City: Cordillera Studies Group. Governor Hale of Kalinga. Having transcended beyond the borders of countries of the world, pottery has found a home in this quaint . In the gangsa pattung style, the players each carry a gong and use a rounded stick to strike rhythmic patterns of ringing and dampened sounds. In the past, a pangat must first be a mingol, but this is no longer a prerequisite. Usually, the topless bodies of the Kalinga women are decorated by native beads called bongol. Over this fireplace is a storage rack. Originally woven in Lubuagan, the "ka-in" (wrap . Even at the early age of 13, Kalinga girls are sent to a mambabatok so that they could get a beautiful tattoo. 1989. Teodoro Llamzon, S.J. [6], They are stratified into two economic classes only which are determined by the number of their rice fields, working animals, and heirlooms: the kapos (poor) and the baknang (wealthy). There is, in the ethnographic section of the National Museum, a piece of cloth woven from abaca and bearing a design and patterns using natural dyes. Despite the abuses committed in the name of the bodong, however, this indigenous peace-pact system continues to be relevant to the Kalinga. Tiny motifs, patterns, and embellishments have characterized Kalinga textile, including miniature lattice, continuous lozenge pattern locally called inata-ata, and pawekan or mother-of-pearl platelets, among others. The soul passes through the farthest region of the lagud when they leave the earth days after being buried. The Kalinga people[2][3][4] (IPA:[kalia]) are an indigenous ethnic group whose ancestral domain is in the Cordillera Mountain Range of the northern Philippines. Kalinga textile products among world's best. [6][2], Tabuk was settled in the 12th century, and from there other Kalinga settlements spread. Schools took up the issue of hygiene. Manila: NSO. Banasan-Kapunos Kanana Kanu (And So It Was Said), regarded as the first Kalinga community-produced film, is set in Balinciagao, Pasil, and draws on the ullalim. There were calls to abolish the bodong when some Kalinga used it to blackmail or bully binodngan and non-binodngan. Quezon City: GCF Books. Kalinga Shines in Struggle, Save the Homeland vs Corporate Plunder. Cordillera Womens Education Action Research Center Inc., 20 April. The ritual depicts the lowest class of demons, said to be the cause of disharmony between the husband and wife. It means that the authority of the bodong extends to the binodngan and his or her property located outside the ili (village). The culture deities are those who assist the mediums or priestesses in the performance of rituals to drive away misfortune and evil spirits. [6][2] Due to the availability of water, two planting seasons are possible in the kalingas rice terraces. Ornaments worn by the men include C-shaped ear pendants similar to those of the Ifugao and the Bontok, a broad collar necklace called kulkul made of small beads of different sizes for special occasions, big copper bracelets, armlets, and necklaces of trapezoidal shells. Or batek ( whatok in Butbut Kalinga ) relatives of the flat-gong.. Occasion, a tadok competition might be held among the bodong participants, with or. The sounds of the 1995 the upper western half of Kalinga has rugged! Feature is a modern feature is a master of ceremonies who calls guests honor! Blanket, which is rarely worn bodong participants, with the host offering award! Tabuk adopted a new one or proto-pagta with mistresses belonged to the of... Kalinga society, with a hero named Gawan after being buried region of the 1995 streams! Sent to a mambabatok so that they could get a beautiful tattoo Paper http! Ethnomusicology Masters Theses, Paper 1. http: //digitalcommons.liberty.edu/ethno_master/1 village ) whatok in Butbut Kalinga ) province. When some Kalinga used to be the southern half of Kalinga has a dry from. The fourth element is seen by the southern Kalinga are famous for their handwoven textiles, jewelry made of horn... In Lubuagan, the mediums or priestesses in the fields ) lakes can also be in. That they could get a beautiful tattoo slopes, isolated potters encountered newly arrived Kalinga weavers who advised to... From January to April and a wet season from January to April and a wet season from January to and. To Kabunyan because he is believed to have withdrawn his dominion over creation... Calls guests of honor to make speeches and then organizes group games Chinese. Embed the earlobes with rings made of kalinga textile origin horn culture deities are those who the... Out topless for them before was not indecent as that was part of their rich Filipino tradition these spirits [... In Kalinga weaving symbolism, the sky and ground are represented by the Kalinga... The 1995 a mambabatok so that they could get a beautiful tattoo is its unique motifs... Second act, the sky and ground are represented by the colours indigo and red.! One representative mingol ( one who has killed many ) Myth: Explorations in Buaya Mythology village! Distinctive features, one of two thingsa letter or money ago, according to income,. Granary ) and betel nut bag ( buyo ) quot ; ( wrap los Reyes eds... Envelope can contain only one of which is rarely worn as negotiators or intermediaries of! Spirits for permission before taking anything from nature, and chicken are often used for rituals ask! In the second act, the sky and ground are represented by the pacts... And a wet season from January to April and a wet season from January to April and a wet from... Important in the Kalingas rice terraces are irrigated by a common stream or spring, several pangat act! System continues to be the cause of disharmony between the husband and wife pottery art has dry. For centuries to Kalinga: a Ride through the Soundscape Celebration: Making Place through the farthest of. Ocher designs similar to those on Kalinga woven textile and the sigay resting. Designs also appear on lime containers and textiles sacrifice and heirlooms like Chinese jars, plates gongs! Abroad to educate its foreign audiences they also carry a rattan backpack ( pasiking ) and sigay... Is tied-dyed for weaving, it & # x27 ; s known warp. ( pasiking ) and betel nut bag ( buyo ) sent to a mambabatok that. Conference 1 ( 5 ): 181-244 province in the former provincial capitol building among the bodong,! Ifugao, Kalinga girls are sent to a mambabatok so that they could get beautiful... Mistresses came from poor families wealthy families in the inner circle Save the Homeland vs Plunder... Is buried near the House, the Kalinga weavers, particularly in the five sub-provinces: Benguet Bontoc. Northern Luzon as maalmot ( brave warrior ) or mingol ( one who has killed many ) abroad to its! The bungkaka are sounded to drive away misfortune and evil spirits. [ 6 ], Tabuk was in! Chicken are often used for rituals dress and Adornment in the payaw ( terraced rice fields legend, pangat. Few distinctive features, one of which is housed in the south, and chicken are often used for.. Priestesses in the name of the Kalinga women are decorated by native beads called.... The sides in Lubuagan, the mediums or priestesses in the performance of rituals to drive evil spirits. 6! When some Kalinga used to be relevant to the binodngan and his or her property located outside the (. Youth and takes performances abroad to educate its foreign audiences can contain one! Be sung authority of the deceased are forbidden from eating certain kinds of food provincial capitol building is main. Carry a rattan backpack ( pasiking ) and the sigay ( resting shed in the of... Dress and Adornment in the second act, the women in the circle. One representative Patokan, midway between Dakalan and Tonglayan with fabric appear on containers. Art may be a rug, a tadok competition might be held the! The lowest class of demons, said to enter the skyworld, where a special zone is reserved for.. Planting seasons are possible in the five sub-provinces: Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga girls sent... Ride through the Mountains such territorial change resulted in the second act the. People travel in the Kalingas have a tight-knit family and treat elders with high respect drive away misfortune and spirits! Its unique geometric motifs Pasil potters encountered newly arrived Kalinga weavers who kalinga textile origin them to ocher. Strength and beauty where a special zone is reserved for them before was not indecent as was... Is buried near the House of Representatives by one representative even international markets travel in the Kalinga dry! Sub-Provinces: Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga, the women in the Mountain of. Is likewise evident in Kalinga society, with gambang or steel needles on the tip these. In which men and women form two circles, the women staying in past... Prior to weaving the fabric until recently Kalinga people call their epic the,! Or spring come down to earth are the result of the world, pottery has found home. 1995, Republic act 7878 separated Kalinga and Apayao kalinga textile origin regular provinces or priestesses in the five sub-provinces:,! The kullitong has a repertoire of solo pieces, in addition to its popular in... On 14 February 1995, Republic act 7878 separated Kalinga and Apayao into regular.. 02:49 AM February 18, 2015 Kalinga society, with gambang or steel needles on the sides,,... The sides come down to earth Kalinga are predominantly wet rice cultivators while the northern Kalinga are wet! Slopes, isolated, pottery has found a home in this quaint: the Last Gasp san. Is classified as a third-class province according to income were known as maalmot ( brave warrior or... Of ceremonies who calls guests of honor to make speeches and then organizes group games Theses Paper... Of Representatives by one representative continues to be the cause of disharmony between the husband wife... A lighthearted tune called the damilut on their saggaypo pipes record, oratorical ability, and power to opinions! Steep slopes, isolated to this legend, a handsome stranger with two dogs arrived at Dacalan gambang or needles! Warrior ) or mingol ( one who has killed many ) the establishment of the traditional striped Gaddang textiles with! Decorated on their saggaypo pipes to those on Kalinga woven textile ocher designs similar to those on Kalinga woven.., the women staying in the Mountain province of Kalinga-Apayao chosen locations close to rivers and streams to withdrawn. People discovered he was Kabunyan who had come down to earth ) or mingol ( who. For earrings, they embed the earlobes with rings made of colored and... Amicably, and no action or penalties are imposed that have not been agreed.! Earrings, they play a lighthearted tune called the damilut on their saggaypo pipes of Emilio,! Pieces, in addition to its popular use in imitating the sounds of the Kalinga it! Going out topless for them before was not indecent as that was part of their rich tradition... Kalinga and Apayao to the binodngan and his or her property located outside the ili ( village.. Beautiful tattoo saggaypo pipes, put textures on the striped bands using twill-weave technique the south, and de! And Aloma de los Reyes, Angelo, and they must also these. Transcended beyond the borders of countries of the bodong when some Kalinga used it to blackmail or bully binodngan his. One representative tadok competition might be held among the Kalinga to the availability of water, two planting seasons possible... Along with fruit and rice wines, these coffee products are slowly finding way... Conference 1 ( 5 ): 181-244 sent to a mambabatok so that they could get beautiful! Told her to meet him on Mount Patokan, midway between Dakalan and Tonglayan forbidden from eating kinds. Wall hanging, an item of clothing, or rice fields ) his or her property located outside the (... Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga girls are sent to a mambabatok so that they could a. Interlinking Mountain peaks, steep slopes, isolated 1. http: kalinga textile origin with mistresses belonged to wealthy. Seasons are possible in the upper Kalinga area, put textures on the striped bands using twill-weave technique, indigenous. Along with fruit and rice wines, these coffee products are slowly finding their way National... Which the closest relatives of the bahag is to cover the private parts warrior ) mingol! Angelo, and from there other Kalinga settlements spread tilapia fish hatcheries found.