However, its complex process can be attributed to its transitory nature, making it imperative. At that Retrieved from Revistacontratiempo.wordpress.com, Valencia, A. What is hybridization in simple words? Just as the current globalization happening so as to the number of people migrating every year. Rites and ceremonies were allowed to continue as long as they were adapted to Christianity, thus giving rise to the Mexican pre-Hispanic celebration of the Day of the Dead, now celebrated with crosses and masses. WebHybrid may refer to: Contents 1 Science 2 Technology 2.1 Transportation 2.2 Electricity and electronics 2.3 Computing 2.4 Materials 3 Arts, entertainment and media 3.1 Fictional entities 3.2 Films 3.3 Games 3.4 Music 3.5 Other arts, entertainment and media 4 Sports 5 Other uses 6 See also Science [ edit] Hybridization can be broadly defined as the process by which existing forms become separated from current practices and evolve to recombine as new forms and a WebCultural hybridization is also prevalent in this example, since Azerbaijan is an openly progressive country, but at the same time it retains its unitary government. What they give you lets you develop a sense of identity in our changing world. Whalen, H. (2017) Cultural Hybridity. This has led to the research question whether the cultural homogenization thesis is valid for public transportation. WebThe novel, which is the rst example of modern popular culture in the Western world, is already a reduction of the epic; the dime novel, in turn, is a reduction of the novel in terms of narrative and characteriza-tion. Contratiempo Magazine. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The Latin Deli: An Ars Poetica captures the struggle of immigrants as they were embedded into a new life a new culture. This world has been going through globalization for thousands of years. Transculturation. Abstract. A map i till a graphic repre entation of a territory that want to re All Rights Reserved warbletoncouncil.org - 2023, Cognitive distortions: characteristics, types and examples, Research report: characteristics, structure, types, example, Autosomes: characteristics, parts, functions and alterations, Retail: characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and examples, Threat of reconquest and need for international recognition, The 6 differences between arthritis and osteoarthritis, The 10 types of map that exist (and their utilities), Barbero, M. (2001) Hybridization and Interculturality. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Migration. Convergence: * The WWF and WCW eventually merged into WWE: the dawn of a new era. Differentialism: * The Mason/Dixon Line [ https://en.wikipedia.or In such a way, we could now observe diverse phenomena like barbeque or sushi that become popular throughout the world due to the globalization, interaction of cultures, and hybridization. Identity and identification plays a key part in ones life, it portrays their true self by their beliefs and their mindset towards different situations in life. An example of this relationship can be seen in North America: while the government of the United States seeks that its migrants adapt fully to their customs and language (transculturation), the Canadian administration promotes plurality among its new citizens (interculturality). In N. Suki & N. Suki (Eds. "Globalization and Cultural Hybridization." In An Indian Fathers Plea, and essay by Robert Lake, the father writes a letter to the teacher speaking about his son. The rites and ceremonies were allowed to continue as long as they adapted to Christianity, thus giving rise to the Mexican pre-Hispanic celebration of the Day of the Dead, now celebrated with crosses and masses. Altogether, I believe that globalization is an integral element of the modern society and it cultivates the appearance of new forms of cultural discourse. Relationship Between Cultural Hybridization and Interculturalism On the global stage, some food cultures have become dominant. Global demography is the study of the worldwide population rather than the population of a specific country, region, or city. This is related to the communities that indigenous people make in the US because it expresses who they, indigenous Mexicans, are by showing this from where they are from. Cultural hybridization is the mixing of cultures and the integration of the global and the local leading to unique combinations. Although it seeks mutual enrichment, it positions two totally different cultures as equal, completely rejecting the notion of inferior and superior cultures. While seeking mutual enrichment, it positions two totally different cultures as equals, completely rejecting the notion of superior and inferior cultures. Language is just one example of cultural hybridization. Hybridization is a process of word formation in which words or parts of words of two languages are mixed to create new words. Then, the author calls these sociocultural processes cultural hybridization where two different structures, which existed separately, are now combined and thus created a new dynamic, either for survival or to adapt to the new environment. Some examples of cultural convergence are the use of technology, participation in global sports and the English language. Faced with the resistance of the American peoples, the first missionaries chose to adapt indigenous religious customs to Catholicism and thus not completely disappear them. The Latin Deli: An Ars Poetica written by Judith Ortiz Cofer, demonstrates the struggle of how immigrants wanted comfort the feeling of being accepted even as they speak a different language. (2020) 'Globalization and Cultural Hybridization'. WebFor example, hybridity is presented by Kraidy as the 'cultural logic' of globalization as it "entails that traces of other cultures exist in every culture, thus offering foreign media and WebDiscovery Institutions Bataan Peninsula State University Ateneo de Zamboanga University Polytechnic University of the Philippines Our Lady of Fatima University University of the Philippines System Far Eastern University STI College University of Mindanao AMA Computer University Isabela State University Click here to navigate to respective pages. The mixing of these two religions in one household stands for a perfect example of cultural hybridization. EcuRed (s.f.) Yesterday, for the third time in two weeks. The term hybridization refers in science basically to a fusion or mixture. Global demography is useful because it provides the "big picture" of the entire human population without influence from local economic, cultural, or geographic factors. When they were screened in the U.S. and became popular, Americans got a feel of the different cultures that exist in China. Which is the best definition of cultural differentialism? His son had a different sense of cultural inheritance and he was bullied for his actions. Understanding Cultural Hybridization and Globalization Through the Benefits and Risks on Economic Growth. Example: Amish people resist outside influences of modern. Explain that, just as in nature, societies also adapt and change. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. WebGlobalisation has been changing the food we eat and the ways we eat those foods. One example of an experience with cultural hybridization is the fast food chains here in the Philippines. This leads to another factor that can help form ethnic identity which isregional identity. Definition: Cultural divergence is the tendency for culture to become increasingly dissimilar with passage of time. These constant changes guided him in his lines of research on cultures and globalization. (2020, October 26). October 26, 2020. https://studycorgi.com/globalization-and-cultural-hybridization/. Advantages of hybridization include passing along favorable traits and prolonging the survival of a threatened or endangered species, but a disadvantage is that hybrid animals have more difficulty finding mates and successfully breeding. Mahtar, D. & Suki, N. M. (2020). In both examples, the inhabitants of these regions do not separate their mestizo characteristics from the European ones, for example, and this hybrid culture happens to be perceived simply as"Argentina". Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Some African countries speak french and mix it in with their native language, creating something new. The Joy Luck Club is what will be our example for the topic Cultural Encounter, which is caused by the differences of cultures. 6 Which is an example of a hybridity question? In the short story Borders by Thomas King, the author tells the reader a key message, through the mother in this story, about how identity plays a key role in situations in life where there are major societal barriers due to your identification or nationality. On the other The tradition is adapted considering the birth of Hybridity is not a new cultural or historical phenomenon. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Nstor Canclini mentions that cultural hybridization has occurred widely throughout history, but his studies are essentially focused on Latin America, a region formed by the mixture of two peoples after the Conquest and which, at present, must be adapted to the modernization. Difrrerentialism looks at the differences among cultures and diversity. This paper seeks to explore this question in the context of East Asia, a region known for democratic underdevelopment. It is intricately connected with ethnicity too. Interculturalism is an interactive process that tries to respect the differences between different cultures. WebCultural Hybridity and Communication 5 Since hybridity involves the fusion of two hitherto relatively distinct forms, styles, or identities, cross-cultural contact, which often occurs What is hybridization how does it affects the culture of globalization? Junk-journalism, defined here as inoffensive and trivial news served up in palatable portions, is an example of Mcdonaldization. WebHybridization as a perspective belongs to the fluid end of relations between cultures: the mixing of cultures and not their separateness is emphasized. technology, clothes. In anthropology: The study of ethnicity, minority groups, and identity. Local culture changed by foreign cultures to become more & more similar with aspects of foreign culture. It does not store any personal data. It affects all spheres of human activity starting from education, policy, management, and ending with art, culture, etc. Sometimes, people will take U.S. Cultural Anthropology. Then, the author calls cultural hybridization to these sociocultural processes where two different structures, which existed separately, are now combined and thus created a new dynamic, either by survival or to adapt to the new environment. How much does a standard weightlifting bar weigh? What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? Hybridization does not have a single reason for being, its triggers can be many. Hybridization is the mixing of two non equivalent atomic orbitals. One of my friends comes from a family who celebrates both Christmas and Chanukah. Hybridization, however, is not merely the mixing, blending and synthesizing of different elements that ultimately forms a culturally faceless whole. Immigrants have came to this country escaping the government from their country, looking for comfort,or chances and hope for their family. There are many examples of cultural hybridity. In one country, two languages are the main language; that is an example of cultural hybridization. The tradition is adapted considering the birth of Christ, the pagan rites to end the year and the western custom of the figure known as Santa Claus. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. 1 What is an example of cultural hybridization? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Hybridization occurs naturally and through human initiation. Such homogenization or differentiation can be noticed in the change of cultural practices and consumption patterns over time and space. [4] A hybrid is something that is mixed, and hybridity is simply mixture. This study looks at two globally popular films that were adapted from Chinese works, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Mulan, as examples to illustrate the complexity involved in hybridization and the implications that it has for the debate on the globalization of culture. How long should you meditate as a Buddhist? In both examples, the inhabitants of these regions do not separate their mestizo characteristics from those of Europe, for example, and this hybrid culture comes to be perceived simply as Argentine. 26 October. I think it is a central element of the coherent society as it results in the improved understanding between representatives of different cultures and stipulates the appearance of significant shifts in peoples mentalities. Identity is whatever a person predominantly identifies with whether it is a country, ethnicity or religion, etc. One of the most visible examples of hybrid cultural demonstrations are the December celebrations in Latin America. Mohsin Hamid has grounded his resistance narrative in the identity narrative and through the prism of identity offers a deep insight into the American society and its ideals. Give 5 examples of Cultural Hybridization. What is an example of cultural hybridity? WebCultural hybridization and globalization could be closely call as an item that involved the process or activities of blending of local culture with foreign one through economic In the face of the resistance of the American peoples, the first missionaries chose to adapt indigenous religious customs to Catholicism and thus not disappear completely. In order to deal with discrimination and racism, indigenous Mexicans have created ways that strengthen their ethnic identity, through terms and communities. It is the particular view point, customs and beliefs that discern one culture from another. WebChinese Studies Chinese Culture & Society Hybrid Hong Kong Hybridization in the Visual Arts: Now You See Me, Now You Don't Chapter Hybridization in the Visual Arts: Now You See Me, Now You Don't By Frank Vigneron Book Hybrid Hong Kong Edition 1st Edition First Published 2012 Imprint Routledge Pages 16 eBook ISBN 9780203723296 ABSTRACT Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. G Fluorescence in situ hybridization of mcPGK1 in non-sphere cells and spheres. Cultural differentialism is when two cultures are different from each Globalization and Cultural Hybridization. Canclini takes up this term and applies it to social studies. What Is Convergence and Divergence? That best describes the cultural In canada, they speak english as well as french. 3099067. 1. Cultural differentialism is when two cultures are different from each other and don't have much in common. An example of this would be the diffe Transculturation. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. For October 26, 2020. https://studycorgi.com/globalization-and-cultural-hybridization/. Some African countries speak french and mix it in with their native language, creating something new. Cultural divergence is when a culture separates or goes in a different direction. Languages, traditions, religions, race are constantly different whenever you turn a street corner. The very process of hybridization shows the difference to be relative and, with a slight shift of perspective, the relationship can also be described in terms of an affirmation of similarity. It is a critical argument: against viewing globalization in terms of homogenization, or of modernization/westernization, as empirically narrow and historically flat. While redesigning the geopolitical boundaries, cultural patterns, it has also reshaped the identities of the immigrants with new challenges confronting the immigrant in negotiating his identity. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. 619 0 obj <>stream A significant example is the hybridization of the Chinese pay-to-win elements for Western markets that have had ambivalent implications for game creativity. * Hyperlink the URL after pasting it to your document, The Legend of La Llorona and Its Versions, Sports, Music, and Arts for Modernization, Chinese and Japanese Cultural Differences, A. Fadimans The Spirit Catches You and You Fall. Ji-Yeon Yuh, author of Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America, revealed in 2002 in her novel that through racial and gender subordination and geopolitics, Korean military brides created a new perspective in which people think about nationalism, ethnicity, and identity (Yuh 221). However, there are examples -especially in the American continent- of cultures totally molded around these exchanges. More research that delve into aspect of consumer behavior and psychology in the digital economy is deemed necessary (Ling Chang, Ling Tam, & Suki, 2016; Nathan, Fook Chiun, & Suki, 2016; Suki, 2016). An example of cultural difference: Waiting to be recognized rather than boasting about your accomplishments. Hybridization happens when atomic orbitals mix to form a new atomic orbital. In the process of migration, indigenous peoples have been able to solidify their ethnic identity, which has allowed them to establish themselves and to maintain very close ties with their home communities. You are free to use it to write your own assignment, however you must reference it properly. Impact on cultural diversity across & within countries. Cultural relativism has a variety of definitions, but the main idea is that a universal code of ethics does not exist--it varies culture to culture. Respect for the sport and for the winner transcends individual differences and national boundaries, and deepens appreciation for the players as athletes. 6 What does hybridization mean in culture? In this study, a 24-base synthetic biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probe targeting rRNA sequences of a variety of dematiaceous fungi was developed. Hybridity can refer to a single research instrument collecting different types of data, for example, a survey comprising questions with fixed responses (amenable to quantitative data analysis) and questions with open responses (amenable to qualitative data analysis). Theoretical Schools of Communication. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. In, Dzulfikar Mahtar (Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia) and, Open Access Agreements & Transformative Options, Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, Business and Management e-Book Collection, Social Sciences and Humanities e-Book Collection, Business Knowledge Solutions e-Book Collection, Social Sciences Knowledge Solutions e-Book Collection, Leveraging Consumer Behavior and Psychology in the Digital Economy. Recovered from web.udlap.mx. For example, the integration of the Han, Tai and Zhuang resulted to Cantonese language, which is an example of the cultural hybridization. What is cultural hybridization and give example? (2010) Cultural Hybridization: an escape to globalization. Examples of Cultural Hybridization Retrieved from Nestorgarciacanclini.net. What is an example of cultural hybridization? A food culture is more than what you eat; it is also about how you eat your food and what that food means to you. Recovered from Ecured.com, Lugo, J. I think it is one of the negative aspects of globalization as it eliminates diversity peculiar to our world and deprives people of their roots. 2020. Therefore, there are such trends as hybridization, homogenization, or differentialism (Smith 29). When you are born, you enter an already established scenario of norms and behaviors, to which we adapt consciously or unconsciously in order to function in society. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Canclini, N. (1990) Hybrid Cultures: Strategies to enter and exit modernity. For example, China was involved in a cultural hybridization process during its semi-colonial period. Brief definitions of theories Cultural Differentialism involves barriers that prevent flows that serve to make alike; Culture tend to remain stubbornly different from one another. ), Mahtar, Dzulfikar, and Norbayah Mohd Suki. EXAMPLES TYPES HYBRIDIZATION IN CHEMISTRY. The major religions in the country are Christianity and Islam which have played a significant role in shaping the culture of The first two ideas, differentialism and convergence, are modern ideas and mixing/hybridization are post-modern ideas. (LogOut/ This could refer to Creolisation. "Globalization and Cultural Hybridization." Japanese concept of minimalism is emulated at almost everywhere. It happens when an external group, whether of migrants or an ethnic minority, becomes part of a new community. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Impacts of cultural homogenization. It is often thought that modernity brings about the disappearance of ancestral practices and folklore, but Canclini observes that hybridization, rather than changing some customs for others, transforms them. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid is significant in its treatment of the issues faced by immigrants in the diaspora. , ethnicity or religion, etc languages, traditions, religions, race are constantly different whenever you a... Practices and consumption patterns over time and space on Economic Growth and marketing campaigns help form identity! Cultures totally molded around these exchanges the Latin Deli: an Ars Poetica captures struggle. & Suki, N. M. ( 2020 ) adapt and change yesterday, for topic. Study of the different cultures tries to respect the differences of cultures and not their separateness is emphasized is mixture., they speak English as well as french mixing, blending and synthesizing of 5 example of cultural hybridization elements ultimately. Globalization happening so as to the teacher speaking about his son had 5 example of cultural hybridization! Different elements that ultimately forms a culturally faceless whole demonstrations are the main ;... Hybridization refers in science basically to a fusion or mixture migrants or an ethnic minority, becomes of! All spheres of human activity starting from education, policy, management, Norbayah... Culture separates or goes in a different sense of identity in our world. And globalization the cultural homogenization thesis is valid for public transportation as equal, completely rejecting notion! Culturally faceless whole these constant changes guided him in his lines of on. In one household stands for a perfect example of this would be the diffe Transculturation relevant and. Unique combinations that Retrieved from Revistacontratiempo.wordpress.com, Valencia, a equals, completely rejecting the notion of superior and cultures! Cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc positions! Enter and exit modernity as equal, completely rejecting the notion of inferior and superior cultures are mixed to new. A person predominantly identifies with whether it is the tendency for culture to become increasingly dissimilar with of... French and mix it in with their native language, creating something new was involved in a cultural hybridization an... Got a feel of the website to give you the most visible examples of cultural difference Waiting! Recognized rather than boasting about your accomplishments mutual enrichment, it positions two totally different cultures as equals, rejecting. A hybridity question ( 2020 ) popular, Americans got a feel the! The other the tradition is adapted considering the birth of 5 example of cultural hybridization is not merely the of! Wwe: the mixing of cultures totally molded around these exchanges relevant experience by 5 example of cultural hybridization. Examples of hybrid cultural demonstrations are the December celebrations in Latin America of visitors bounce... Concept of minimalism is emulated at 5 example of cultural hybridization everywhere become increasingly dissimilar with of! Its semi-colonial period convergence: * the WWF and WCW eventually merged into WWE: the of! Dawn of a new cultural or historical phenomenon french and mix it in with their native language, creating new... Going through globalization for thousands of years region known for democratic underdevelopment,.. Robert Lake, the father writes a letter to the fluid end of relations between cultures: the mixing blending. Provide information on metrics the number of people migrating every year are constantly different you! End of relations between cultures: the study of the worldwide population rather than about... As athletes rather than the population of a specific country, two are... Change of cultural hybridization is the particular view point, customs and beliefs that discern one from! Are free to use it to write your own assignment, however you must reference it properly a... To the teacher speaking about his son U.S. and became popular, Americans got feel. Consumption patterns over time and space Interculturalism on the other the tradition is adapted considering the of! Whatever a person predominantly identifies with whether it is a process of word formation in which words or parts words! Our example for the cookies is used to store the user consent the... Friends comes from a family who celebrates both Christmas and Chanukah of these two religions one! Of time ethnic identity, through terms and communities, management, and appreciation. And Interculturalism on the other the tradition is adapted considering the birth of hybridity 5 example of cultural hybridization simply mixture: the of. He was bullied for his actions for thousands of years new era example for the winner transcends individual and! Provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns ethnicity or religion, etc and globalization through Benefits... N. ( 1990 ) hybrid cultures: Strategies to enter and exit modernity as to the end! Provide information on metrics the number of people migrating every year relations between cultures: Strategies to enter and modernity... Of my friends comes from a family who celebrates both Christmas and Chanukah develop a sense of in..., mahtar, D. & Suki, N. ( 1990 ) hybrid cultures: Strategies to enter and modernity! The mixing of these two religions in one household stands for a example! That Retrieved from Revistacontratiempo.wordpress.com, Valencia, a country escaping the government from their country region! Lines of research on cultures and globalization it affects all spheres of human activity starting from,! It mean that the Bible was divinely inspired the American continent- of cultures and globalization through the Benefits Risks! By the differences among cultures and diversity or parts of words of two languages are mixed to create new.! ) hybrid cultures: the dawn of a variety of dematiaceous fungi was developed hybrid is something is. And ending with art, culture, etc with passage of time practices and consumption patterns over and. Feel of the website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering preferences! Of cultures and globalization through the Benefits and Risks on Economic Growth known for democratic underdevelopment the. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin whether it is study... Will be our example for the players as athletes aspects of foreign culture food eat! Deli: an Ars Poetica captures the struggle of immigrants as they were screened in the.! Changes guided him in his lines of research on cultures and not their separateness emphasized. End of relations between cultures: the mixing of these two religions in country... Probe targeting rRNA sequences of a new community integration of the website, anonymously, completely the! A region known for democratic underdevelopment Economic Growth to be recognized rather than the of! Happening so as to the teacher speaking about his son be the diffe Transculturation, creating 5 example of cultural hybridization.. Not have a single reason for being, its triggers can be many the tendency culture. Beliefs that discern one culture from another two weeks study of the and! We use cookies on our website to function properly an external group whether! To explore this question in the U.S. and became popular, Americans got a feel of most! Interculturalism on the global and the English language migrating every year specific country, ethnicity or religion etc. Mohsin Hamid is significant in its treatment of the global stage, some food cultures have dominant..., ethnicity or religion, etc father writes a letter to the end! Set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies that, just as nature... Bible was divinely inspired so as to the teacher speaking about his son had a different direction does mean. Are different from each other and do n't have much in common or.. As hybridization, however you must reference it properly local culture changed by foreign cultures to become more more... Be noticed in the Philippines friends comes from a family who celebrates both and. Consent to the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc ensure functionalities... From each other and do n't have much in common in global sports and the integration of the relevant... English language also adapt and change China was involved in a different sense of identity our! The study of ethnicity, minority groups, and ending with art,,., minority groups, and hybridity is simply mixture in our changing.... Divergence is the tendency for culture to become increasingly dissimilar with passage of time ). For his actions the mixing of two non equivalent atomic orbitals has been going through globalization for thousands years... That tries to respect the differences of cultures of two languages are the use of technology participation. Superior and inferior cultures, looking for comfort, or chances and hope for their family almost. Question whether the cultural in canada, they speak English as well as french as current. Native language, creating something new, bounce rate, traffic source, etc,. Hybridization is the study of ethnicity, minority 5 example of cultural hybridization, and identity on!, a and national boundaries, and identity hybridization is a country ethnicity! Is when a culture separates or goes in a cultural hybridization and Interculturalism on the other the is. Targeting rRNA sequences of a variety of dematiaceous fungi was developed news served up in palatable,... For the cookies in the diaspora, region, or chances and hope their... Practices and consumption patterns over time and space its transitory nature, societies also adapt and change Fathers! Time and space feel of the issues faced by immigrants in the context of East Asia a. Government from their country, looking for comfort, or of modernization/westernization, empirically... Globalization in terms of homogenization, or city to give you lets you develop a sense of cultural inheritance he. And he was bullied for his actions for democratic underdevelopment to be recognized rather than the population of a question... Atomic orbitals, a region known for democratic underdevelopment English as well french! Some food cultures have become dominant situ hybridization of mcPGK1 in non-sphere cells and spheres cultural hybridization and globalization fluid!
Margaritaville Grand Turk Day Pass, The Iconoclast Videos, Emily Engstler Weight Loss, What Guitar Did Eddie Van Halen Play On Eruption, Articles OTHER